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     What   a   change   from   the   temper   of   two   generations   since�察  �when   the 

naturalist     was   looked     on   as  a  harmless     enthusiast�察    �who    went    ;bug´ 

hunting�察─�simply because he had not spirit to follow a fox�                     �There     are 

those alive who can recollect an amiable man being literally                    bullied out 



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of   the   New    Forest�察   �because    he   dared   to  make     a   collection    ��at  this 

moment�察�we believe�察�in some unknown abyss of                    that great Avernus�察�the 

British   Museum��   of   fossil   shells   from   those     very   Hordwell   Cliffs�察  �for 

exploring   which   there   is   now   established       a   society   of   subscribers   and 

correspondents。          They      can   remember�察        �too�察   �when�察    �on    the   first 

appearance   of   Bewick's   ;British   Birds�察─  �the        excellent   sportsman   who 

brought it down to the Forest was asked�察              �Why on earth he had bought a 

book about ;cock sparrows;�拭�and had to                justify himself again and again�察�

simply by lending the book to his             brother sportsmen�察�to convince them 

that there were rather more          than a dozen sorts of birds ��as they then held�� 

indigenous to       Hampshire。       But the book�察�perhaps�察�which turned the tide 

in   favour    of   Natural   History�察  �among   the   higher   classes   at   least�察  �in   the 

south     of   England�察  �was   White's   ;History   of   Selborne。;        A   Hampshire 

gentleman and sportsman�察�whom everybody knew�察�had taken the trouble 

to write a book about the birds and the weeds in his own parish�察                   �and the 

every´day   things   which   went   on   under   his   eyes�察  �and   everyone         else's。 

And   all gentlemen�察 �from  the Weald   of   Kent   to   the Vale   of         Blackmore�察�

shrugged their shoulders mysteriously�察�and said�察 �Poor                  fellow� ─�till they 

opened the book itself�察�and discovered to their               surprise that it read like 

any novel。      And then came a burst of            confused�察�but honest admiration�察�

from the young squire's ;Bless me�              �who would have thought that there 

were so many wonderful things to              be seen in one's own park� ─�to the old 

squire's more morally         valuable ;Bless me� �why�察�I have seen that and that 

a hundred times�察       �and never thought till now how wonderful they were� ─�

     There were great excuses�察  �though�察�of   old�察�for the contempt   in   which 

the naturalist was held�察�great excuses for the pitying tone of                 banter with 

which   the   Spectator  talks   of   ;the   ingenious;   Don      Saltero   ��as   no   doubt 

the   Neapolitan   gentleman   talked   of   Ferrante        Imperato   the   apothecary�察�

and    his   museum���察     �great   excuses     for   Voltaire�察   �when     he   classes   the 

collection of butterflies among the           other ;bizarreries de l'esprit humain。; 

For�察�in the last     generation�察�the needs of the world were different。               It had 

no time      for butterflies and fossils。       While Buonaparte was hovering on 

the    Boulogne  coast�察 �the pursuits   and   the  education   which   were   needed 

were   such   as   would   raise   up   men   to   fight   him�察  �so   the   coarse�察�fierce�察�



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hard´handed training of our grandfathers came when it was                      wanted�察�and 

did the work which was required of it�察�else we had not                     been here now。 

Let us be thankful that we have had leisure for               science�察�and show now in 

war that our science has at least not           unmanned us。 

     Moreover�察�Natural History�察�if not fifty years ago�察�certainly a                 hundred 

years ago�察�was hardly worthy of men of practical common                      sense。     After�察�

indeed�察�Linne�察�by his invention of generic and                specific names�察�had made 

classification   possible�察  �and   by   his   own       enormous   labours   had   shown 

how   much   could   be   done   when   once   a         method      was   established�察  �the 

science has grown rapidly enough。              But     before him little or nothing had 

been   put   into   form   definite   enough      to   allure   those   who   ��as   the   many 

always will�� prefer to profit by            others' discoveries�察�than to discover for 

themselves�察  �and   Natural        History   was   attractive   only   to   a   few   earnest 

seekers�察�who found too           much trouble in disencumbering their own minds 

of   the   dreams   of    bygone   generations   ��whether   facts�察  �like   cockatrices�察�

basilisks�察  �and     krakens�察  �the   breeding   of   bees   out   of   a   dead   ox�察  �and   of 

geese     from     barnacles�察    �or   theories�察   �like  those    of  elements�察    �the   VIS 

PLASTRIX in           Nature�察�animal spirits�察�and the other musty heirlooms of 

Aristotleism       and   Neo´platonism���察       �to  try   to  make     a  science     popular�察�

which      as   yet   was    not    even    a  science     at   all。   Honour       to   them�察�

nevertheless。        Honour      to   Ray    and   his   illustrious    contemporaries       in 

Holland and   France。         Honour  to Seba  and Aldrovandus�察�to   Pomet�察 �with 

his   ;Historie   of   Drugges�察─  �even   to   the   ingenious   Don   Saltero�察  �and      his 

tavern´museum in Cheyne Walk。                Where all was chaos�察�every man               was 

useful who could contribute a single spot of organized standing                       ground 

in   the   shape   of   a   fact   or   a   specimen。  But   it   is   a   question  whether 

Natural   History   would   have   ever   attained   its   present       honours�察  �had   not 

Geology  arisen�察�to   connect   every  other branch   of            Natural   History  with 

problems   as   vast   and   awful   as   they  are    captivating   to   the   imagination。 

Nay�察�the very opposition with            which Geology met was of as great benefit 

to the sister sciences as        to itself。    For�察�when questions belonging to the 

most     sacred    hereditary      beliefs   of  Christendom       were    supposed      to  be 

affected     by   the   verification     of   a   fossil   shell�察  �or   the   proving   that   the 

Maestricht ;homo diluvii testis; was�察�after all�察�a monstrous eft�察                 �it became 



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necessary to work upon Conchology�察�Botany�察�and                 Comparative Anatomy�察�

with a care and a reverence�察�a caution and a             severe induction�察�which had 

been never before applied to them�察�and              thus gradually�察�in the last half´ 

century�察�the whole choir of         cosmical sciences have acquired a soundness�察�

severity�察�and fulness�察      �which render them�察�as mere intellectual exercises�察�

as valuable to a      manly mind as Mathematics and Metaphysics。 

     But    how   very   lately   have   they   attained   that  firm   and   honourable 

standing     ground�     �It   is  a  question    whether�察   �even    twenty    years   ago�察�

Geology�察�as it then stood�察�was worth troubling one's head about�察�so                  little 

had   been    really   proved。    And   heavy   and   uphill   was   the   work�察    �even 

within the last fifteen years�察�of those who stedfastly set            themselves to the 

task of proving and of asserting at all risks�察           �that the Maker of the coal 

seam and the diluvial cave could not be              a ;Deus quidam deceptor�察─�and 

that the facts which the rock and the           silt revealed were sacred�察�not to be 

warped or trifled with for the         sake of any cowardly and hasty notion that 

they contradicted His        other messages。       When a few more years are past�察�

Buckland and        Sedgwick�察�Murchison and Lyell�察�Delab �c he and Phillips�察�

Forbes and      Jamieson�察�and the group of brave men who accompanied and 

followed      them�察�will be looked back to as moral benefactors of their race�察�

and     almost    as   martyrs�察   �also�察  �when     it  is  remembered        how    much 

misunderstanding�察�obloquy�察�and plausible folly they had to endure                    from 

well´meaning        fanatics   like   Fairholme     or   Granville     Penn�察  �and     the 

respectable mob at their heels who tried ��as is the fashion in               such cases�� 

to make   a hollow   compromise between   fact and   the Bible�察             �by  twisting 

facts just enough to make them fi

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