art of war-及34准
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
given by Tu Mu�此 �If the wind is in the east�察�begin burning to
the east of the enemy�察�and follow up the attack yourself from
that side。 If you start the fire on the east side�察 �and then
attack from the west�察�you will suffer in the same way as your
enemy。;��
11。 A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long�察 �but a
night breeze soon falls。
��Cf。 Lao Tzu's saying�此 �A violent wind does not last the
space of a morning。; ��TAO TE CHING�察�chap。 23。�� Mei Yao´ch`en
and Wang Hsi say�此 �A day breeze dies down at nightfall�察 �and a
night breeze at daybreak。 This is what happens as a general
rule。; The phenomenon observed may be correct enough�察 �but how
this sense is to be obtained is not apparent。��
12。 In every army�察�the five developments connected with
fire must be known�察�the movements of the stars calculated�察�and a
watch kept for the proper days。
��Tu Mu says�此 �We must make calculations as to the paths of
the stars�察 �and watch for the days on which wind will rise�察�
before making our attack with fire。; Chang Yu seems to interpret
the text differently�此 �We must not only know how to assail our
opponents with fire�察�but also be on our guard against similar
attacks from them。;��
13。 Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show
intelligence�察�those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an
accession of strength。
14。 By means of water�察�an enemy may be intercepted�察�but not
robbed of all his belongings。
��Ts`ao Kung's note is�此 �We can merely obstruct the enemy's
road or divide his army�察�but not sweep away all his accumulated
stores。; Water can do useful service�察�but it lacks the terrible
destructive power of fire。 This is the reason�察 �Chang Yu
concludes�察�why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences�察�
whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail。 Wu Tzu ��ch。
4�� speaks thus of the two elements�此 �If an army is encamped on
low´lying marshy ground�察�from which the water cannot run off�察�and
where the rainfall is heavy�察�it may be submerged by a flood。 If
an army is encamped in wild marsh lands thickly overgrown with
weeds and brambles�察�and visited by frequent gales�察 �it may be
exterminated by fire。;��
15。 Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles
and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of
enterprise�察 �for the result is waste of time and general
stagnation。
��This is one of the most perplexing passages in Sun Tzu。
Ts`ao Kung says�此 �Rewards for good service should not be
deferred a single day。; And Tu Mu�此 �If you do not take
opportunity to advance and reward the deserving�察 �your
subordinates will not carry out your commands�察�and disaster will
ensue。; For several reasons�察�however�察�and in spite of the
formidable array of scholars on the other side�察 �I prefer the
interpretation suggested by Mei Yao´ch`en alone�察�whose words I
will quote�此 �Those who want to make sure of succeeding in their
battles and assaults must seize the favorable moments when they
come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures�此 �that is to
say�察�they must resort to such means of attack of fire�察�water and
the like。 What they must not do�察�and what will prove fatal�察 �is
to sit still and simply hold to the advantages they have got。;��
16。 Hence the saying�此 �The enlightened ruler lays his plans
well ahead�察�the good general cultivates his resources。
��Tu Mu quotes the following from the SAN LUEH�察�ch。 2�此 �The
warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority�察�kits them
together by good faith�察�and by rewards makes them serviceable。
If faith decays�察 �there will be disruption�察 �if rewards are
deficient�察�commands will not be respected。;��
17。 Move not unless you see an advantage�察 �use not your
troops unless there is something to be gained�察�fight not unless
the position is critical。
��Sun Tzu may at times appear to be over´cautious�察 �but he
never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in
the TAO TE CHING�察�ch。 69。 ;I dare not take the initiative�察 �but
prefer to act on the defensive�察�I dare not advance an inch�察 �but
prefer to retreat a foot。;��
18。 No ruler should put troops into the field merely to
gratify his own spleen�察�no general should fight a battle simply
out of pique。
19。 If it is to your advantage�察�make a forward move�察 �if
not�察�stay where you are。
��This is repeated from XI。 ss。 17。 Here I feel convinced
that it is an interpolation�察�for it is evident that ss。 20 ought
to follow immediately on ss。 18。��
20。 Anger may in time change to gladness�察�vexation may be
succeeded by content。
21。 But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never
come again into being��
��The Wu State was destined to be a melancholy example of
this saying。��
nor can the dead ever be brought back to life。
22。 Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful�察�and the good
general full of caution。 This is the way to keep a country at
peace and an army intact。
��1�А �Unless you enter the tiger's lair�察�you cannot get hold of
the tiger's cubs。;
´
XIII。 THE USE OF SPIES
1。 Sun Tzu said�此 �Raising a host of a hundred thousand men
and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the
people and a drain on the resources of the State。 The daily
expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver。
��Cf。 II。 ss。 ss。 1�察�13�察�14。��
There will be commotion at home and abroad�察�and men will drop
down exhausted on the highways。
��Cf。 TAO TE CHING�察 �ch。 30�此 �Where troops have been
quartered�察�brambles and thorns spring up。 Chang Yu has the note�此 �
;We may be reminded of the saying�此 �'On serious ground�察�gather in
plunder。' Why then should carriage and transportation cause
exhaustion on the highways��The answer is�察�that not victuals
alone�察 �but all sorts of munitions of war have to be conveyed to
the army。 Besides�察�the injunction to 'forage on the enemy' only
means that when an army is deeply engaged in hostile territory�察�
scarcity of food must be provided against。 Hence�察�without being
solely dependent on the enemy for corn�察�we must forage in order
that there may be an uninterrupted flow of supplies。 Then�察�
again�察�there are places like salt deserts where provisions being
unobtainable�察�supplies from home cannot be dispensed with。;��
As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in
their labor。
��Mei Yao´ch`en says�此 �Men will be lacking at the plough´
tail。; The allusion is to the system of dividing land into nine
parts�察�each consisting of about 15 acres�察�the plot in the center
being cultivated on behalf of the State by the tenants of the
other eight。 It was here also�察�so Tu Mu tells us�察 �that their
cottages were built and a well sunk�察�to be used by all in common。
��See II。 ss。 12�察�note。�А �In time of war�察�one of the families had
to serve in the army�察�while the other seven contributed to its
support。 Thus�察 �by a levy of 100��000 men ��reckoning one able´
bodied soldier to each family�� the husbandry of 700��000 families
would be affected。��
2。 Hostile armies may face each other for years�察 �striving
for the victory which is decided in a single day。 This being so�察�
to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because
one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors
and emoluments��
�А�For spies; is of course the meaning�察�though it would spoil
the effect of this curiously elaborate exordium if spies were
actually mentioned at this point。��
is the height of inhumanity。
��Sun Tzu's agreement is certainly ingenious。 He begins by
adverting to the frightful misery and vast expenditure of blood
and treasure which war always brings in its train。 Now�察 �unless
you are kept informed of the enemy's condition�察�and are ready to
strike at the right moment�察�a war may drag on for years。 The
only way to get this information is to employ spies�察�and it is
impossible to obtain trustworthy spies unless they are properly
paid for their services。 But it is surely false economy to
grudge a comparatively trifling amount for this purpose�察 �when
every day that the war lasts eats up an incalculably greater sum。
This grievous burden falls on the shoulders of the poor�察 �and
hence Sun Tzu concludes that to neglect the use of spies is
nothing less than a crime against humanity。��
3。 One who acts thus is no leader of men�察�no present help
to his sovereign�察�no master of victory。
��This idea�察�that the true object of war is peace�察 �has its
root in the national temperament of the Chinese。 Even so far
back as 597 B。C。�察�these memorable words were uttered by Prince
Chuang of the Ch`u State�此 �The ��Ch