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given by Tu Mu�此  �If the wind is in the east�察�begin burning to 

the east of the enemy�察�and follow up the attack yourself from 

that side。  If you start the fire on the east side�察 �and then 

attack from the west�察�you will suffer in the same way as your 

enemy。;��



     11。  A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long�察 �but a 

night breeze soon falls。



     ��Cf。  Lao Tzu's saying�此  �A violent wind does not last the 

space of a morning。;  ��TAO TE CHING�察�chap。 23。��   Mei Yao´ch`en 

and Wang Hsi say�此  �A day breeze dies down at nightfall�察 �and a 

night breeze at daybreak。  This is what happens as a general 

rule。;   The phenomenon observed may be correct enough�察 �but how 

this sense is to be obtained is not apparent。��



     12。  In every army�察�the five developments connected with 

fire must be known�察�the movements of the stars calculated�察�and a 

watch kept for the proper days。



     ��Tu Mu says�此  �We must make calculations as to the paths of 

the stars�察 �and watch for the days on which wind will rise�察�

before making our attack with fire。;  Chang Yu seems to interpret 

the text differently�此  �We must not only know how to assail our 

opponents with fire�察�but also be on our guard against similar 

attacks from them。;��



     13。  Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show 

intelligence�察�those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an 

accession of strength。

     14。  By means of water�察�an enemy may be intercepted�察�but not 

robbed of all his belongings。



     ��Ts`ao Kung's note is�此  �We can merely obstruct the enemy's 

road or divide his army�察�but not sweep away all his accumulated 

stores。;  Water can do useful service�察�but it lacks the terrible 

destructive power of fire。  This is the reason�察 �Chang Yu 

concludes�察�why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences�察�

whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail。  Wu Tzu  ��ch。 

4��  speaks thus of the two elements�此  �If an army is encamped on 

low´lying marshy ground�察�from which the water cannot run off�察�and 

where the rainfall is heavy�察�it may be submerged by a flood。  If 

an army is encamped in wild marsh lands thickly overgrown with 

weeds and brambles�察�and visited by frequent gales�察 �it may be 

exterminated by fire。;��



     15。  Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles 

and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of 

enterprise�察 �for the result is waste of time and   general 

stagnation。



     ��This is one of the most perplexing passages in Sun Tzu。  

Ts`ao Kung says�此   �Rewards for good service should not be 

deferred a single day。;   And Tu Mu�此   �If you do not take 

opportunity   to   advance and reward   the   deserving�察  �your 

subordinates will not carry out your commands�察�and disaster will 

ensue。;   For several reasons�察�however�察�and in spite of the 

formidable array of scholars on the other side�察 �I prefer the 

interpretation suggested by Mei Yao´ch`en alone�察�whose words I 

will quote�此  �Those who want to make sure of succeeding in their 

battles and assaults must seize the favorable moments when they 

come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures�此 �that is to 

say�察�they must resort to such means of attack of fire�察�water and 

the like。  What they must not do�察�and what will prove fatal�察 �is 

to sit still and simply hold to the advantages they have got。;��



     16。  Hence the saying�此 �The enlightened ruler lays his plans 

well ahead�察�the good general cultivates his resources。



     ��Tu Mu quotes the following from the SAN LUEH�察�ch。 2�此   �The 

warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority�察�kits them 

together by good faith�察�and by rewards makes them serviceable。  

If faith decays�察 �there will be disruption�察 �if rewards are 

deficient�察�commands will not be respected。;��



     17。  Move not unless you see an advantage�察 �use not your 

troops unless there is something to be gained�察�fight not unless 

the position is critical。



     ��Sun Tzu may at times appear to be over´cautious�察 �but he 

never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in 

the TAO TE CHING�察�ch。 69。  ;I dare not take the initiative�察 �but 

prefer to act on the defensive�察�I dare not advance an inch�察 �but 

prefer to retreat a foot。;��



     18。  No ruler should put troops into the field merely to 

gratify his own spleen�察�no general should fight a battle simply 

out of pique。

     19。  If it is to your advantage�察�make a forward move�察 �if 

not�察�stay where you are。



     ��This is repeated from XI。 ss。 17。  Here I feel convinced 

that it is an interpolation�察�for it is evident that ss。 20 ought 

to follow immediately on ss。 18。��



     20。  Anger may in time change to gladness�察�vexation may be 

succeeded by content。

     21。  But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never 

come again into being��



     ��The Wu State was destined to be a melancholy example of 

this saying。��



nor can the dead ever be brought back to life。

     22。  Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful�察�and the good 

general full of caution。  This is the way to keep a country at 

peace and an army intact。





��1�А   �Unless you enter the tiger's lair�察�you cannot get hold of 

the tiger's cubs。;



´



XIII。  THE USE OF SPIES





     1。  Sun Tzu said�此 �Raising a host of a hundred thousand men 

and marching them great distances entails heavy loss on the 

people and a drain on the resources of the State。  The daily 

expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver。



     ��Cf。 II。 ss。 ss。 1�察�13�察�14。��



There will be commotion at home and abroad�察�and men will drop 

down exhausted on the highways。



     ��Cf。  TAO TE CHING�察 �ch。  30�此   �Where troops have been 

quartered�察�brambles and thorns spring up。  Chang Yu has the note�此 �

;We may be reminded of the saying�此 �'On serious ground�察�gather in 

plunder。'   Why then should carriage and transportation cause 

exhaustion on the highways��The answer is�察�that not victuals 

alone�察 �but all sorts of munitions of war have to be conveyed to 

the army。  Besides�察�the injunction to 'forage on the enemy'  only 

means that when an army is deeply engaged in hostile territory�察�

scarcity of food must be provided against。  Hence�察�without being 

solely dependent on the enemy for corn�察�we must forage in order 

that there may be an uninterrupted flow of supplies。  Then�察�

again�察�there are places like salt deserts where provisions being 

unobtainable�察�supplies from home cannot be dispensed with。;��



As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in 

their labor。



     ��Mei Yao´ch`en says�此  �Men will be lacking at the plough´

tail。;  The allusion is to the system of dividing land into nine 

parts�察�each consisting of about 15 acres�察�the plot in the center 

being cultivated on behalf of the State by the tenants of the 

other eight。  It was here also�察�so Tu Mu tells us�察 �that their 

cottages were built and a well sunk�察�to be used by all in common。  

��See II。 ss。 12�察�note。�А �In time of war�察�one of the families had 

to serve in the army�察�while the other seven contributed to its 

support。  Thus�察 �by a levy of 100��000 men ��reckoning one able´

bodied soldier to each family�� the husbandry of 700��000 families 

would be affected。��



     2。  Hostile armies may face each other for years�察 �striving 

for the victory which is decided in a single day。  This being so�察�

to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because 

one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silver in honors 

and emoluments��



     �А�For spies; is of course the meaning�察�though it would spoil 

the effect of this curiously elaborate exordium if spies were 

actually mentioned at this point。��



is the height of inhumanity。



     ��Sun Tzu's agreement is certainly ingenious。  He begins by 

adverting to the frightful misery and vast expenditure of blood 

and treasure which war always brings in its train。  Now�察 �unless 

you are kept informed of the enemy's condition�察�and are ready to 

strike at the right moment�察�a war may drag on for years。  The 

only way to get this information is to employ spies�察�and it is 

impossible to obtain trustworthy spies unless they are properly 

paid for their services。  But it is surely false economy to 

grudge a comparatively trifling amount for this purpose�察 �when 

every day that the war lasts eats up an incalculably greater sum。  

This grievous burden falls on the shoulders of the poor�察 �and 

hence Sun Tzu concludes that to neglect the use of spies is 

nothing less than a crime against humanity。��



     3。  One who acts thus is no leader of men�察�no present help 

to his sovereign�察�no master of victory。



     ��This idea�察�that the true object of war is peace�察 �has its 

root in the national temperament of the Chinese。  Even so far 

back as 597 B。C。�察�these memorable words were uttered by Prince 

Chuang of the Ch`u State�此  �The ��Ch

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