art of war-及30准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
37。 By altering his arrangements and changing his plans��
��Wang Hsi thinks that this means not using the same
stratagem twice。��
he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge。
��Chang Yu�察 �in a quotation from another work�察 �says�此 �The
axiom�察 �that war is based on deception�察�does not apply only to
deception of the enemy。 You must deceive even your own soldiers。
Make them follow you�察�but without letting them know why。;��
By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes�察 �he prevents
the enemy from anticipating his purpose。
38。 At the critical moment�察�the leader of an army acts like
one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder
behind him。 He carries his men deep into hostile territory
before he shows his hand。
��Literally�察 �releases the spring; ��see V。 ss。 15���察�that is�察�
takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army
to returnlike Hsiang Yu�察�who sunk his ships after crossing a
river。 Ch`en Hao�察�followed by Chia Lin�察�understands the words
less well as ;puts forth every artifice at his command。;��
39。 He burns his boats and breaks his cooking´pots�察�like a
shepherd driving a flock of sheep�察�he drives his men this way and
that�察�and nothing knows whither he is going。
��Tu Mu says�此 �The army is only cognizant of orders to
advance or retreat�察 �it is ignorant of the ulterior ends of
attacking and conquering。;��
40。 To muster his host and bring it into danger��this may
be termed the business of the general。
��Sun Tzu means that after mobilization there should be no
delay in aiming a blow at the enemy's heart。 Note how he returns
again and again to this point。 Among the warring states of
ancient China�察�desertion was no doubt a much more present fear
and serious evil than it is in the armies of today。��
41。 The different measures suited to the nine varieties of
ground��
��Chang Yu says�此 �One must not be hide´bound in interpreting
the rules for the nine varieties of ground。��
the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics�察 �and the
fundamental laws of human nature�此 �these are things that must
most certainly be studied。
42。 When invading hostile territory�察�the general principle
is�察 �that penetrating deeply brings cohesion�察�penetrating but a
short way means dispersion。
��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 20。��
43。 When you leave your own country behind�察�and take your
army across neighborhood territory�察�you find yourself on critical
ground。
��This ;ground; is curiously mentioned in VIII。 ss。 2�察�but it
does not figure among the Nine Situations or the Six Calamities
in chap。 X。 One's first impulse would be to translate it distant
ground�察─�but this�察�if we can trust the commentators�察�is precisely
what is not meant here。 Mei Yao´ch`en says it is ;a position not
far enough advanced to be called 'facile��' and not near enough to
home to be 'dispersive��' but something between the two。; Wang Hsi
says�此 �It is ground separated from home by an interjacent state�察�
whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it。
Hence�察 �it is incumbent on us to settle our business there
quickly。; He adds that this position is of rare occurrence�察�
which is the reason why it is not included among the Nine
Situations。��
When there are means of communication on all four sides�察 �the
ground is one of intersecting highways。
44。 When you penetrate deeply into a country�察�it is serious
ground。 When you penetrate but a little way�察 �it is facile
ground。
45。 When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear�察�and
narrow passes in front�察�it is hemmed´in ground。 When there is no
place of refuge at all�察�it is desperate ground。
46。 Therefore�察�on dispersive ground�察�I would inspire my men
with unity of purpose。
��This end�察�according to Tu Mu�察�is best attained by remaining
on the defensive�察�and avoiding battle。 Cf。 supra�察�ss。 11。��
On facile ground�察�I would see that there is close connection
between all parts of my army。
��As Tu Mu says�察�the object is to guard against two possible
contingencies�此 ┌�1�� the desertion of our own troops�察 。�2�� a
sudden attack on the part of the enemy。; Cf。 VII。 ss。 17。 Mei
Yao´ch`en says�此 �On the march�察�the regiments should be in close
touch�察 �in an encampment�察�there should be continuity between the
fortifications。;��
47。 On contentious ground�察�I would hurry up my rear。
��This is Ts`ao Kung's interpretation。 Chang Yu adopts it�察�
saying�此 �We must quickly bring up our rear�察�so that head and
tail may both reach the goal。; That is�察�they must not be allowed
to straggle up a long way apart。 Mei Yao´ch`en offers another
equally plausible explanation�此 �Supposing the enemy has not yet
reached the coveted position�察�and we are behind him�察 �we should
advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession。;
Ch`en Hao�察 �on the other hand�察�assuming that the enemy has had
time to select his own ground�察�quotes VI。 ss。 1�察�where Sun Tzu
warns us against coming exhausted to the attack。 His own idea of
the situation is rather vaguely expressed�此 �If there is a
favorable position lying in front of you�察�detach a picked body of
troops to occupy it�察�then if the enemy�察�relying on their numbers�察�
come up to make a fight for it�察�you may fall quickly on their
rear with your main body�察�and victory will be assured。; It was
thus�察 �he adds�察�that Chao She beat the army of Ch`in。 ��See p。
57。����
48。 On open ground�察�I would keep a vigilant eye on my
defenses。 On ground of intersecting highways�察 �I would
consolidate my alliances。
49。 On serious ground�察�I would try to ensure a continuous
stream of supplies。
��The commentators take this as referring to forage and
plunder�察 �not�察�as one might expect�察�to an unbroken communication
with a home base。��
On difficult ground�察�I would keep pushing on along the road。
50。 On hemmed´in ground�察�I would block any way of retreat。
��Meng Shih says�此 �To make it seem that I meant to defend
the position�察 �whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly
through the enemy's lines。; Mei Yao´ch`en says�此 �in order to
make my soldiers fight with desperation。; Wang Hsi says�察�
;fearing lest my men be tempted to run away。; Tu Mu points out
that this is the converse of VII。 ss。 36�察�where it is the enemy
who is surrounded。 In 532 A。D。�察�Kao Huan�察�afterwards Emperor and
canonized as Shen´wu�察�was surrounded by a great army under Erh´
chu Chao and others。 His own force was comparatively small�察�
consisting only of 2000 horse and something under 30��000 foot。
The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together�察�
gaps being left at certain points。 But Kao Huan�察 �instead of
trying to escape�察 �actually made a shift to block all the
remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen
and donkeys roped together。 As soon as his officers and men saw
that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die�察 �their
spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation�察 �and they
charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks
broke and crumbled under their onslaught。��
On desperate ground�察 �I would proclaim to my soldiers the
hopelessness of saving their lives。
Tu Yu says�此 �Burn your baggage and impedimenta�察�throw away
your stores and provisions�察�choke up the wells�察 �destroy your
cooking´stoves�察 �and make it plain to your men that they cannot
survive�察�but must fight to the death。; Mei Yao´ch`en says�此 �The
only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it。; This
concludes what Sun Tzu has to say about ;grounds; and the
;variations; corresponding to them。 Reviewing the passages which
bear on this important subject�察�we cannot fail to be struck by
the desultory and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated。
Sun Tzu begins abruptly in VIII。 ss。 2 to enumerate ;variations;
before touching on ;grounds; at all�察�but only mentions five�察�
namely nos。 7�察�5�察�8 and 9 of the subsequent list�察�and one that is
not included in it。 A few varieties of ground are dealt with in
the earlier portion of chap。 IX�察�and then chap。 X sets forth six
new grounds�察�with six variations of plan to match。 None of these
is mentioned again�察 �though the first is hardly to be
distinguished from ground no。 4 in the next chapter。 At last�察�in
chap。 XI�察�we come to the Nine Grounds par excellence�察�immediately
followed by the variations。 This takes us down to ss。 14。 In
SS。 43´45�察�fresh definitions are provided for nos。 5�察�6�察�2�察�8 and
9 ��in the order given���察�as well as for the tenth ground noticed
in chap。 VIII�察�and finally�察�the nine variations are enumerated
once more from beginning to end�察�all�察�with the exception of 5�察 �6
and