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art of war-及30准

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     37。  By altering his arrangements and changing his plans��



     ��Wang Hsi thinks that this means not using the same 

stratagem twice。��



he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge。



     ��Chang Yu�察 �in a quotation from another work�察 �says�此   �The 

axiom�察 �that war is based on deception�察�does not apply only to 

deception of the enemy。  You must deceive even your own soldiers。  

Make them follow you�察�but without letting them know why。;��



By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes�察 �he prevents 

the enemy from anticipating his purpose。

     38。  At the critical moment�察�the leader of an army acts like 

one who has climbed up a height and then kicks away the ladder 

behind him。  He carries his men deep into hostile territory 

before he shows his hand。



     ��Literally�察 �releases the spring; ��see V。 ss。 15���察�that is�察�

takes some decisive step which makes it impossible for the army 

to returnlike Hsiang Yu�察�who sunk his ships after crossing a 

river。  Ch`en Hao�察�followed by Chia Lin�察�understands the words 

less well as ;puts forth every artifice at his command。;��



     39。  He burns his boats and breaks his cooking´pots�察�like a 

shepherd driving a flock of sheep�察�he drives his men this way and 

that�察�and nothing knows whither he is going。



     ��Tu Mu says�此   �The army is only cognizant of orders to 

advance or retreat�察 �it is ignorant of the ulterior ends of 

attacking and conquering。;��



     40。  To muster his host and bring it into danger��this may 

be termed the business of the general。



     ��Sun Tzu means that after mobilization there should be no 

delay in aiming a blow at the enemy's heart。  Note how he returns 

again and again to this point。  Among the warring states of 

ancient China�察�desertion was no doubt a much more present fear 

and serious evil than it is in the armies of today。��



     41。  The different measures suited to the nine varieties of 

ground��



     ��Chang Yu says�此  �One must not be hide´bound in interpreting 

the rules for the nine varieties of ground。��



the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics�察 �and the 

fundamental laws of human nature�此 �these are things that must 

most certainly be studied。

     42。  When invading hostile territory�察�the general principle 

is�察 �that penetrating deeply brings cohesion�察�penetrating but a 

short way means dispersion。



     ��Cf。 supra�察�ss。 20。��



     43。  When you leave your own country behind�察�and take your 

army across neighborhood territory�察�you find yourself on critical 

ground。



     ��This ;ground; is curiously mentioned in VIII。 ss。 2�察�but it 

does not figure among the Nine Situations or the Six Calamities 

in chap。 X。  One's first impulse would be to translate it distant 

ground�察─�but this�察�if we can trust the commentators�察�is precisely 

what is not meant here。  Mei Yao´ch`en says it is ;a position not 

far enough advanced to be called 'facile��' and not near enough to 

home to be 'dispersive��' but something between the two。;  Wang Hsi 

says�此  �It is ground separated from home by an interjacent state�察�

whose territory we have had to cross in order to reach it。  

Hence�察 �it is incumbent on us to settle our business there 

quickly。;   He adds that this position is of rare occurrence�察�

which is the reason why it is not included among the Nine 

Situations。��



When there are means of communication on all four sides�察 �the 

ground is one of intersecting highways。

     44。  When you penetrate deeply into a country�察�it is serious 

ground。  When you penetrate but a little way�察 �it is facile 

ground。

     45。  When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear�察�and 

narrow passes in front�察�it is hemmed´in ground。  When there is no 

place of refuge at all�察�it is desperate ground。

     46。  Therefore�察�on dispersive ground�察�I would inspire my men 

with unity of purpose。



     ��This end�察�according to Tu Mu�察�is best attained by remaining 

on the defensive�察�and avoiding battle。  Cf。 supra�察�ss。 11。��



On facile ground�察�I would see that there is close connection 

between all parts of my army。



     ��As Tu Mu says�察�the object is to guard against two possible 

contingencies�此   ┌�1��  the desertion of our own troops�察 。�2��  a 

sudden attack on the part of the enemy。;  Cf。 VII。 ss。 17。  Mei 

Yao´ch`en says�此  �On the march�察�the regiments should be in close 

touch�察 �in an encampment�察�there should be continuity between the 

fortifications。;��



     47。  On contentious ground�察�I would hurry up my rear。



     ��This is Ts`ao Kung's interpretation。  Chang Yu adopts it�察�

saying�此   �We must quickly bring up our rear�察�so that head and 

tail may both reach the goal。;  That is�察�they must not be allowed 

to straggle up a long way apart。  Mei Yao´ch`en offers another 

equally plausible explanation�此  �Supposing the enemy has not yet 

reached the coveted position�察�and we are behind him�察 �we should 

advance with all speed in order to dispute its possession。;  

Ch`en Hao�察 �on the other hand�察�assuming that the enemy has had 

time to select his own ground�察�quotes VI。 ss。 1�察�where Sun Tzu 

warns us against coming exhausted to the attack。  His own idea of 

the situation is rather vaguely expressed�此   �If there is a 

favorable position lying in front of you�察�detach a picked body of 

troops to occupy it�察�then if the enemy�察�relying on their numbers�察�

come up to make a fight for it�察�you may fall quickly on their 

rear with your main body�察�and victory will be assured。;  It was 

thus�察 �he adds�察�that Chao She beat the army of Ch`in。  ��See p。 

57。����



     48。  On open ground�察�I would keep a vigilant eye on my 

defenses。   On   ground of intersecting highways�察  �I   would 

consolidate my alliances。

     49。  On serious ground�察�I would try to ensure a continuous 

stream of supplies。



     ��The commentators take this as referring to forage and 

plunder�察 �not�察�as one might expect�察�to an unbroken communication 

with a home base。��



On difficult ground�察�I would keep pushing on along the road。

     50。  On hemmed´in ground�察�I would block any way of retreat。



     ��Meng Shih says�此  �To make it seem that I meant to defend 

the position�察 �whereas my real intention is to burst suddenly 

through the enemy's lines。;  Mei Yao´ch`en says�此  �in order to 

make my soldiers fight with desperation。;   Wang Hsi says�察�

;fearing lest my men be tempted to run away。;  Tu Mu points out 

that this is the converse of VII。 ss。 36�察�where it is the enemy 

who is surrounded。  In 532 A。D。�察�Kao Huan�察�afterwards Emperor and 

canonized as Shen´wu�察�was surrounded by a great army under Erh´

chu Chao and others。  His own force was comparatively small�察�

consisting only of 2000 horse and something under 30��000 foot。  

The lines of investment had not been drawn very closely together�察�

gaps being left at certain points。  But Kao Huan�察 �instead of 

trying to escape�察 �actually made a shift to block all the 

remaining outlets himself by driving into them a number of oxen 

and donkeys roped together。  As soon as his officers and men saw 

that there was nothing for it but to conquer or die�察 �their 

spirits rose to an extraordinary pitch of exaltation�察 �and they 

charged with such desperate ferocity that the opposing ranks 

broke and crumbled under their onslaught。��



On desperate ground�察 �I would proclaim to my soldiers the 

hopelessness of saving their lives。



     Tu Yu says�此  �Burn your baggage and impedimenta�察�throw away 

your stores and provisions�察�choke up the wells�察 �destroy your 

cooking´stoves�察 �and make it plain to your men that they cannot 

survive�察�but must fight to the death。;  Mei Yao´ch`en says�此  �The 

only chance of life lies in giving up all hope of it。;   This 

concludes what Sun Tzu has to say about  ;grounds;  and the 

;variations; corresponding to them。  Reviewing the passages which 

bear on this important subject�察�we cannot fail to be struck by 

the desultory and unmethodical fashion in which it is treated。  

Sun Tzu begins abruptly in VIII。 ss。 2 to enumerate  ;variations; 

before touching on ;grounds; at all�察�but only mentions five�察�

namely nos。 7�察�5�察�8 and 9 of the subsequent list�察�and one that is 

not included in it。  A few varieties of ground are dealt with in 

the earlier portion of chap。 IX�察�and then chap。 X sets forth six 

new grounds�察�with six variations of plan to match。  None of these 

is   mentioned   again�察 �though the first is hardly   to   be 

distinguished from ground no。 4 in the next chapter。  At last�察�in 

chap。 XI�察�we come to the Nine Grounds par excellence�察�immediately 

followed by the variations。  This takes us down to ss。  14。  In 

SS。 43´45�察�fresh definitions are provided for nos。 5�察�6�察�2�察�8 and 

9  ��in the order given���察�as well as for the tenth ground noticed 

in chap。 VIII�察�and finally�察�the nine variations are enumerated 

once more from beginning to end�察�all�察�with the exception of 5�察 �6 

and

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