湊徨勵弌傍利 > 哂囂窮徨慕 > art of war >

及22准

art of war-及22准

弌傍�� art of war 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




rest of the army�察�on the further bank�察�also scattered and fled in 

all directions。��



     5。  If you are anxious to fight�察�you should not go to meet 

the invader near a river which he has to cross。



     ��For fear of preventing his crossing。��



     6。  Moor your craft higher up than the enemy�察�and facing the 

sun。



     ��See supra�察 �ss。  2。  The repetition of these words in 

connection with water is very awkward。  Chang Yu has the note�此 �

;Said either of troops marshaled on the river´bank�察�or of boats 

anchored in the stream itself�察�in either case it is essential to 

be higher than the enemy and facing the sun。;   The other 

commentators are not at all explicit。��



Do not move up´stream to meet the enemy。



     ��Tu Mu says�此  �As water flows downwards�察�we must not pitch 

our camp on the lower reaches of a river�察�for fear the enemy 

should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood。  Chu´ko Wu´

hou has remarked that 'in river warfare we must not advance 

against the stream��' which is as much as to say that our fleet 

must not be anchored below that of the enemy�察�for then they would 

be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of 

us。;  There is also the danger�察�noted by other commentators�察�that 

the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to 

us。��



So much for river warfare。

     7。  In crossing salt´marshes�察�your sole concern should be to 

get over them quickly�察�without any delay。



     ��Because of the lack of fresh water�察�the poor quality of the 

herbage�察�and last but not least�察�because they are low�察�flat�察 �and 

exposed to attack。��



     8。  If forced to fight in a salt´marsh�察 �you should have 

water and grass near you�察�and get your back to a clump of trees。



     ��Li Ch`uan remarks that the ground is less likely to be 

treacherous where there are trees�察�while Tu Mu says that they 

will serve to protect the rear。��



So much for operations in salt´marches。

     9。  In dry�察�level country�察�take up an easily accessible 

position with rising ground to your right and on your rear��



     ��Tu Mu quotes T`ai Kung as saying�此  �An army should have a 

stream or a marsh on its left�察�and a hill or tumulus on its 

right。;��



so that the danger may be in front�察�and safety lie behind。  So 

much for campaigning in flat country。

     10。  These are the four useful branches of   military 

knowledge



     ��Those�察 �namely�察�concerned with ��1�� mountains�察 。�2��  rivers�察�

��3��  marshes�察 �and  ��4��  plains。  Compare Napoleon's  ;Military 

Maxims�察─�no。 1。��



which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several 

sovereigns。



     ��Regarding the ;Yellow Emperor;�此 �Mei Yao´ch`en asks�察 �with 

some plausibility�察 �whether there is an error in the text as 

nothing is known of Huang Ti having conquered four other 

Emperors。  The SHIH CHI ��ch。 1 ad init。�� speaks only of his 

victories over Yen Ti and Ch`ih Yu。  In the LIU T`AO it is 

mentioned that he  ;fought seventy battles and pacified the 

Empire。;   Ts`ao Kung's explanation is�察�that the Yellow Emperor 

was the first to institute the feudal system of vassals princes�察�

each of whom ��to the number of four�� originally bore the title of 

Emperor。  Li Ch`uan tells us that the art of war originated under 

Huang Ti�察�who received it from his Minister Feng Hou。��



     11。  All armies prefer high ground to low。



     �А�High Ground�察─ �says Mei Yao´ch`en�察  �is not only more 

agreement and salubrious�察�but more convenient from a military 

point of view�察�low ground is not only damp and unhealthy�察 �but 

also disadvantageous for fighting。;��



and sunny places to dark。

     12。  If you are careful of your men��



     ��Ts`ao Kung says�此  �Make for fresh water and pasture�察 �where 

you can turn out your animals to graze。;��



and camp on hard ground�察�the army will be free from disease of 

every kind��



     ��Chang Yu says�此  �The dryness of the climate will prevent 

the outbreak of illness。;��



and this will spell victory。

     13。  When you come to a hill or a bank�察�occupy the sunny 

side�察 �with the slope on your right rear。  Thus you will at once 

act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural 

advantages of the ground。

     14。  When�察�in consequence of heavy rains up´country�察�a river 

which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam�察�you must 

wait until it subsides。

     15。  Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with 

torrents running between�察�deep natural hollows��



     ��The latter defined as ;places enclosed on every side by 

steep banks�察�with pools of water at the bottom。��



confined places��



     ��Defined as ;natural pens or prisons; or ;places surrounded 

by precipices on three sideseasy to get into�察�but hard to get 

out of。;��



tangled thickets��



     ��Defined as ;places covered with such dense undergrowth that 

spears cannot be used。;��



quagmires



     ��Defined as ;low´lying places�察�so heavy with mud as to be 

impassable for chariots and horsemen。;��



and crevasses��



     ��Defined by Mei Yao´ch`en as ;a narrow difficult way between 

beetling cliffs。;  Tu Mu's note is ;ground covered with trees and 

rocks�察 �and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls。;   This 

is very vague�察 �but Chia Lin explains it clearly enough as a 

defile or narrow pass�察�and Chang Yu takes much the same view。  On 

the whole�察�the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to 

the rendering ;defile。;  But the ordinary meaning of the Chinese 

in one place is ;a crack or fissure; and the fact that the 

meaning of the Chinese elsewhere in the sentence indicates 

something in the nature of a defile�察�make me think that Sun Tzu 

is here speaking of crevasses。��



should be left with all possible speed and not approached。

     16。  While we keep away from such places�察�we should get the 

enemy to approach them�察�while we face them�察�we should let the 

enemy have them on his rear。

     17。  If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any 

hilly country�察�ponds surrounded by aquatic grass�察�hollow basins 

filled with reeds�察�or woods with thick undergrowth�察�they must be 

carefully routed out and searched�察�for these are places where men 

in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking。



     ��Chang Yu has the note�此  �We must also be on our guard 

against traitors who may lie in close covert�察�secretly spying out 

our weaknesses and overhearing our instructions。;��



     18。  When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet�察 �he 

is relying on the natural strength of his position。



     ��Here begin Sun Tzu's remarks on the reading of signs�察 �much 

of which is so good that it could almost be included in a modern 

manual like Gen。 Baden´Powell's ;Aids to Scouting。;��



     19。  When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle�察 �he 

is anxious for the other side to advance。



     ��Probably because we are in a strong position from which he 

wishes to dislodge us。  ;If he came close up to us�察�says Tu Mu�察�

;and tried to force a battle�察�he would seem to despise us�察 �and 

there would be less probability of our responding to the 

challenge。;��



     20。  If his place of encampment is easy of access�察 �he is 

tendering a bait。

     21。  Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the 

enemy is advancing。



     ��Ts`ao Kung explains this as ;felling trees to clear a 

passage�察─ �and Chang Yu says�此  �Every man sends out scouts to 

climb high places and observe the enemy。  If a scout sees that 

the trees of a forest are moving and shaking�察�he may know that 

they are being cut down to clear a passage for the enemy's 

march。;��



The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass 

means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious。



     ��Tu Yu's explanation�察�borrowed from Ts`ao Kung's�察 �is as 

follows�此   �The presence of a number of screens or sheds in the 

midst of thick vegetation is a sure sign that the enemy has fled 

and�察 �fearing pursuit�察�has constructed these hiding´places in 

order to make us suspect an ambush。;  It appears that these 

;screens;  were hastily knotted together out of any long grass 

which the retreating enemy happened to come across。��



     22。  The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an 

ambuscade。



     ��Chang Yu's explanation is doubtless right�此   �When birds 

that are flying along in a straight line suddenly shoot upwards�察�

it means that soldiers are in ambush at the spot beneath。;��



Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming。

     23。  When there is dust rising in a high column�察�it is the 

sign of chariots advancing�察�when the dust is low�察�but spread over 

a wide area�察�it betokens the approach of infantry。



     �А�High and sharp�察─ �or rising to a peak�察 �is of course 

somewhat exaggerated as applied to dust。  The commentators 

explain the phenom

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��1��

低辛嬬浪散議