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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
rest of the army�察�on the further bank�察�also scattered and fled in
all directions。��
5。 If you are anxious to fight�察�you should not go to meet
the invader near a river which he has to cross。
��For fear of preventing his crossing。��
6。 Moor your craft higher up than the enemy�察�and facing the
sun。
��See supra�察 �ss。 2。 The repetition of these words in
connection with water is very awkward。 Chang Yu has the note�此 �
;Said either of troops marshaled on the river´bank�察�or of boats
anchored in the stream itself�察�in either case it is essential to
be higher than the enemy and facing the sun。; The other
commentators are not at all explicit。��
Do not move up´stream to meet the enemy。
��Tu Mu says�此 �As water flows downwards�察�we must not pitch
our camp on the lower reaches of a river�察�for fear the enemy
should open the sluices and sweep us away in a flood。 Chu´ko Wu´
hou has remarked that 'in river warfare we must not advance
against the stream��' which is as much as to say that our fleet
must not be anchored below that of the enemy�察�for then they would
be able to take advantage of the current and make short work of
us。; There is also the danger�察�noted by other commentators�察�that
the enemy may throw poison on the water to be carried down to
us。��
So much for river warfare。
7。 In crossing salt´marshes�察�your sole concern should be to
get over them quickly�察�without any delay。
��Because of the lack of fresh water�察�the poor quality of the
herbage�察�and last but not least�察�because they are low�察�flat�察 �and
exposed to attack。��
8。 If forced to fight in a salt´marsh�察 �you should have
water and grass near you�察�and get your back to a clump of trees。
��Li Ch`uan remarks that the ground is less likely to be
treacherous where there are trees�察�while Tu Mu says that they
will serve to protect the rear。��
So much for operations in salt´marches。
9。 In dry�察�level country�察�take up an easily accessible
position with rising ground to your right and on your rear��
��Tu Mu quotes T`ai Kung as saying�此 �An army should have a
stream or a marsh on its left�察�and a hill or tumulus on its
right。;��
so that the danger may be in front�察�and safety lie behind。 So
much for campaigning in flat country。
10。 These are the four useful branches of military
knowledge
��Those�察 �namely�察�concerned with ��1�� mountains�察 。�2�� rivers�察�
��3�� marshes�察 �and ��4�� plains。 Compare Napoleon's ;Military
Maxims�察─�no。 1。��
which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several
sovereigns。
��Regarding the ;Yellow Emperor;�此 �Mei Yao´ch`en asks�察 �with
some plausibility�察 �whether there is an error in the text as
nothing is known of Huang Ti having conquered four other
Emperors。 The SHIH CHI ��ch。 1 ad init。�� speaks only of his
victories over Yen Ti and Ch`ih Yu。 In the LIU T`AO it is
mentioned that he ;fought seventy battles and pacified the
Empire。; Ts`ao Kung's explanation is�察�that the Yellow Emperor
was the first to institute the feudal system of vassals princes�察�
each of whom ��to the number of four�� originally bore the title of
Emperor。 Li Ch`uan tells us that the art of war originated under
Huang Ti�察�who received it from his Minister Feng Hou。��
11。 All armies prefer high ground to low。
�А�High Ground�察─ �says Mei Yao´ch`en�察 �is not only more
agreement and salubrious�察�but more convenient from a military
point of view�察�low ground is not only damp and unhealthy�察 �but
also disadvantageous for fighting。;��
and sunny places to dark。
12。 If you are careful of your men��
��Ts`ao Kung says�此 �Make for fresh water and pasture�察 �where
you can turn out your animals to graze。;��
and camp on hard ground�察�the army will be free from disease of
every kind��
��Chang Yu says�此 �The dryness of the climate will prevent
the outbreak of illness。;��
and this will spell victory。
13。 When you come to a hill or a bank�察�occupy the sunny
side�察 �with the slope on your right rear。 Thus you will at once
act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural
advantages of the ground。
14。 When�察�in consequence of heavy rains up´country�察�a river
which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam�察�you must
wait until it subsides。
15。 Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with
torrents running between�察�deep natural hollows��
��The latter defined as ;places enclosed on every side by
steep banks�察�with pools of water at the bottom。��
confined places��
��Defined as ;natural pens or prisons; or ;places surrounded
by precipices on three sideseasy to get into�察�but hard to get
out of。;��
tangled thickets��
��Defined as ;places covered with such dense undergrowth that
spears cannot be used。;��
quagmires
��Defined as ;low´lying places�察�so heavy with mud as to be
impassable for chariots and horsemen。;��
and crevasses��
��Defined by Mei Yao´ch`en as ;a narrow difficult way between
beetling cliffs。; Tu Mu's note is ;ground covered with trees and
rocks�察 �and intersected by numerous ravines and pitfalls。; This
is very vague�察 �but Chia Lin explains it clearly enough as a
defile or narrow pass�察�and Chang Yu takes much the same view。 On
the whole�察�the weight of the commentators certainly inclines to
the rendering ;defile。; But the ordinary meaning of the Chinese
in one place is ;a crack or fissure; and the fact that the
meaning of the Chinese elsewhere in the sentence indicates
something in the nature of a defile�察�make me think that Sun Tzu
is here speaking of crevasses。��
should be left with all possible speed and not approached。
16。 While we keep away from such places�察�we should get the
enemy to approach them�察�while we face them�察�we should let the
enemy have them on his rear。
17。 If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any
hilly country�察�ponds surrounded by aquatic grass�察�hollow basins
filled with reeds�察�or woods with thick undergrowth�察�they must be
carefully routed out and searched�察�for these are places where men
in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking。
��Chang Yu has the note�此 �We must also be on our guard
against traitors who may lie in close covert�察�secretly spying out
our weaknesses and overhearing our instructions。;��
18。 When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet�察 �he
is relying on the natural strength of his position。
��Here begin Sun Tzu's remarks on the reading of signs�察 �much
of which is so good that it could almost be included in a modern
manual like Gen。 Baden´Powell's ;Aids to Scouting。;��
19。 When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle�察 �he
is anxious for the other side to advance。
��Probably because we are in a strong position from which he
wishes to dislodge us。 ;If he came close up to us�察�says Tu Mu�察�
;and tried to force a battle�察�he would seem to despise us�察 �and
there would be less probability of our responding to the
challenge。;��
20。 If his place of encampment is easy of access�察 �he is
tendering a bait。
21。 Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
enemy is advancing。
��Ts`ao Kung explains this as ;felling trees to clear a
passage�察─ �and Chang Yu says�此 �Every man sends out scouts to
climb high places and observe the enemy。 If a scout sees that
the trees of a forest are moving and shaking�察�he may know that
they are being cut down to clear a passage for the enemy's
march。;��
The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass
means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious。
��Tu Yu's explanation�察�borrowed from Ts`ao Kung's�察 �is as
follows�此 �The presence of a number of screens or sheds in the
midst of thick vegetation is a sure sign that the enemy has fled
and�察 �fearing pursuit�察�has constructed these hiding´places in
order to make us suspect an ambush。; It appears that these
;screens; were hastily knotted together out of any long grass
which the retreating enemy happened to come across。��
22。 The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an
ambuscade。
��Chang Yu's explanation is doubtless right�此 �When birds
that are flying along in a straight line suddenly shoot upwards�察�
it means that soldiers are in ambush at the spot beneath。;��
Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming。
23。 When there is dust rising in a high column�察�it is the
sign of chariots advancing�察�when the dust is low�察�but spread over
a wide area�察�it betokens the approach of infantry。
�А�High and sharp�察─ �or rising to a peak�察 �is of course
somewhat exaggerated as applied to dust。 The commentators
explain the phenom