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enough�此 �hence the institution of banners and flags。

     24。  Gongs and drums�察�banners and flags�察�are means whereby 

the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular 

point。



     ��Chang   Yu   says�此    �If sight   and   hearing   converge 

simultaneously on the same object�察�the evolutions of as many as a 

million soldiers will be like those of a single man。;�。�



     25。  The host thus forming a single united body�察 �is it 

impossible either for the brave to advance alone�察 �or for the 

cowardly to retreat alone。



     ��Chuang Yu quotes a saying�此 �Equally guilty are those who 

advance against orders and those who retreat against orders。;  Tu 

Mu tells a story in this connection of Wu Ch`i�察 �when he was 

fighting against the Ch`in State。  Before the battle had begun�察�

one of his soldiers�察�a man of matchless daring�察�sallied forth by 

himself�察�captured two heads from the enemy�察�and returned to camp。  

Wu Ch`i had the man instantly executed�察 �whereupon an officer 

ventured to remonstrate�察�saying�此  �This man was a good soldier�察�

and ought not to have been beheaded。;  Wu Ch`i replied�此  �I fully 

believe he was a good soldier�察�but I had him beheaded because he 

acted without orders。;��



This is the art of handling large masses of men。

     26。  In night´fighting�察�then�察�make much use of signal´fires 

and drums�察 �and in fighting by day�察�of flags and banners�察 �as a 

means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army。



     ��Ch`en Hao alludes to Li Kuang´pi's night ride to Ho´yang at 

the head of 500 mounted men�察�they made such an imposing display 

with torches�察�that though the rebel leader Shih Ssu´ming had a 

large army�察�he did not dare to dispute their passage。��



     27。  A whole army may be robbed of its spirit��



     �А�In war�察─�says Chang Yu�察 �if a spirit of anger can be made 

to pervade all ranks of an army at one and the same time�察 �its 

onset will be irresistible。  Now the spirit of the enemy's 

soldiers will be keenest when they have newly arrived on the 

scene�察 �and it is therefore our cue not to fight at once�察�but to 

wait until their ardor and enthusiasm have worn off�察 �and then 

strike。  It is in this way that they may be robbed of their keen 

spirit。;   Li Ch`uan and others tell an anecdote ��to be found in 

the TSO CHUAN�察�year 10�察�ss。 1�� of Ts`ao Kuei�察�a protege of Duke 

Chuang of Lu。  The latter State was attacked by Ch`i�察 �and the 

duke was about to join battle at Ch`ang´cho�察�after the first roll 

of the enemy's drums�察�when Ts`ao said�此  �Not just yet。;   Only 

after their drums had beaten for the third time�察�did he give the 

word for attack。  Then they fought�察�and the men of Ch`i were 

utterly defeated。  Questioned afterwards by the Duke as to the 

meaning of his delay�察 �Ts`ao Kuei replied�此   �In battle�察 �a 

courageous spirit is everything。  Now the first roll of the drum 

tends to create this spirit�察�but with the second it is already on 

the wane�察�and after the third it is gone altogether。  I attacked 

when their spirit was gone and ours was at its height。  Hence our 

victory。;   Wu Tzu ��chap。 4�� puts ;spirit; first among the  ;four 

important influences;  in war�察�and continues�此  �The value of a 

whole armya mighty host of a million menis dependent on one 

man alone�此 �such is the influence of spirit� ┌�



a commander´in´chief may be robbed of his presence of mind。



     ��Chang Yu says�此  �Presence of mind is the general's most 

important asset。  It is the quality which enables him to 

discipline disorder and to inspire courage into the panic´

stricken。;   The great general Li Ching ��A。D。  571´649��  has a 

saying�此  �Attacking does not merely consist in assaulting walled 

cities or striking at an army in battle array�察�it must include 

the art of assailing the enemy's mental equilibrium。;��



     28。  Now a solider's spirit is keenest in the morning��



     ��Always provided�察�I suppose�察�that he has had breakfast。  At 

the battle of the Trebia�察�the Romans were foolishly allowed to 

fight   fasting�察 �whereas Hannibal's men had breakfasted   at 

their leisure。  See Livy�察�XXI�察�liv。 8�察�lv。 1 and 8。��



by noonday it has begun to flag�察�and in the evening�察�his mind is 

bent only on returning to camp。

     29。  A clever general�察�therefore�察�avoids an army when its 

spirit is keen�察�but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined 

to return。  This is the art of studying moods。

     30。  Disciplined and calm�察�to await the appearance of 

disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy��this is the art of 

retaining self´possession。

     31。  To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from 

it�察�to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling�察�to 

be well´fed while the enemy is famished��this is the art of 

husbanding one's strength。

     32。  To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are 

in perfect order�察�to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in 

calm   and confident array��this is the art   of   studying 

circumstances。

     33。  It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against 

the enemy�察�nor to oppose him when he comes downhill。

     34。  Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight�察 �do not 

attack soldiers whose temper is keen。

     35。  Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy。



     ��Li Ch`uan and Tu Mu�察�with extraordinary inability to see a 

metaphor�察�take these words quite literally of food and drink that 

have been poisoned by the enemy。  Ch`en Hao and Chang Yu 

carefully point out that the saying has a wider application。��



Do not interfere with an army that is returning home。



     ��The commentators explain this rather singular piece of 

advice by saying that a man whose heart is set on returning home 

will fight to the death against any attempt to bar his way�察 �and 

is therefore too dangerous an opponent to be tackled。  Chang Yu 

quotes the words of Han Hsin�此  �Invincible is the soldier who 

hath his desire and returneth homewards。;  A marvelous tale is 

told of Ts`ao Ts`ao's courage and resource in ch。 1 of the SAN 

KUO CHI�此 �In 198 A。D。�察�he was besieging Chang Hsiu in Jang�察 �when 

Liu Piao sent reinforcements with a view to cutting off Ts`ao's 

retreat。  The latter was obligbed to draw off his troops�察�only to 

find himself hemmed in between two enemies�察�who were guarding 

each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself。  In 

this desperate plight Ts`ao waited until nightfall�察�when he bored 

a tunnel into the mountain side and laid an ambush in it。  As 

soon as the whole army had passed by�察�the hidden troops fell on 

his rear�察 �while Ts`ao himself turned and met his pursuers in 

front�察 �so that they were thrown into confusion and annihilated。  

Ts`ao Ts`ao said afterwards�此  �The brigands tried to check my 

army in its retreat and brought me to battle in a desperate 

position�此 �hence I knew how to overcome them。;��



     36。  When you surround an army�察�leave an outlet free。



     ��This does not mean that the enemy is to be allowed to 

escape。  The object�察�as Tu Mu puts it�察�is ;to make him believe 

that there is a road to safety�察�and thus prevent his fighting 

with the courage of despair。;  Tu Mu adds pleasantly�此   �After 

that�察�you may crush him。;��



Do not press a desperate foe too hard。



     ��Ch`en Hao quotes the saying�此   �Birds and beasts when 

brought to bay will use their claws and teeth。;  Chang Yu says�此 �

;If your adversary has burned his boats and destroyed his 

cooking´pots�察�and is ready to stake all on the issue of a battle�察�

he must not be pushed to extremities。;  Ho Shih illustrates the 

meaning by a story taken from the life of Yen´ch`ing。  That 

general�察�together with his colleague Tu Chung´wei was surrounded 

by a vastly superior army of Khitans in the year 945 A。D。  The 

country was bare and desert´like�察�and the little Chinese force 

was soon in dire straits for want of water。  The wells they bored 

ran dry�察�and the men were reduced to squeezing lumps of mud and 

sucking out the moisture。  Their ranks thinned rapidly�察�until at 

last Fu Yen´ch`ing exclaimed�此  �We are desperate men。  Far better 

to die for our country than to go with fettered hands into 

captivity� ─  �A strong gale happened to be blowing from the 

northeast and darkening the air with dense clouds of sandy dust。  

To Chung´wei was for waiting until this had abated before 

deciding on a final attack�察�but luckily another officer�察�Li Shou´

cheng by name�察 �was quicker to see an opportunity�察 �and said�此 �

;They are many and we are few�察�but in the midst of this sandstorm 

our numbers will not be discernible�察�victory will go to the 

strenuous fighter�察 �and the wind will be our best   ally。;  

Accordingly�察 �Fu Yen´ch`ing made a sudden and wholly unexpected 

onslaught with his cavalry�察�routed the barbarians and succeeded 

in breaking through to safety。��



     37。  Such is the art of warfare。





��1�А �See Col。 Henderson�察�op。 cit。 vol。

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