art of war-及19准
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enough�此 �hence the institution of banners and flags。
24。 Gongs and drums�察�banners and flags�察�are means whereby
the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular
point。
��Chang Yu says�此 �If sight and hearing converge
simultaneously on the same object�察�the evolutions of as many as a
million soldiers will be like those of a single man。;�。�
25。 The host thus forming a single united body�察 �is it
impossible either for the brave to advance alone�察 �or for the
cowardly to retreat alone。
��Chuang Yu quotes a saying�此 �Equally guilty are those who
advance against orders and those who retreat against orders。; Tu
Mu tells a story in this connection of Wu Ch`i�察 �when he was
fighting against the Ch`in State。 Before the battle had begun�察�
one of his soldiers�察�a man of matchless daring�察�sallied forth by
himself�察�captured two heads from the enemy�察�and returned to camp。
Wu Ch`i had the man instantly executed�察 �whereupon an officer
ventured to remonstrate�察�saying�此 �This man was a good soldier�察�
and ought not to have been beheaded。; Wu Ch`i replied�此 �I fully
believe he was a good soldier�察�but I had him beheaded because he
acted without orders。;��
This is the art of handling large masses of men。
26。 In night´fighting�察�then�察�make much use of signal´fires
and drums�察 �and in fighting by day�察�of flags and banners�察 �as a
means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army。
��Ch`en Hao alludes to Li Kuang´pi's night ride to Ho´yang at
the head of 500 mounted men�察�they made such an imposing display
with torches�察�that though the rebel leader Shih Ssu´ming had a
large army�察�he did not dare to dispute their passage。��
27。 A whole army may be robbed of its spirit��
�А�In war�察─�says Chang Yu�察 �if a spirit of anger can be made
to pervade all ranks of an army at one and the same time�察 �its
onset will be irresistible。 Now the spirit of the enemy's
soldiers will be keenest when they have newly arrived on the
scene�察 �and it is therefore our cue not to fight at once�察�but to
wait until their ardor and enthusiasm have worn off�察 �and then
strike。 It is in this way that they may be robbed of their keen
spirit。; Li Ch`uan and others tell an anecdote ��to be found in
the TSO CHUAN�察�year 10�察�ss。 1�� of Ts`ao Kuei�察�a protege of Duke
Chuang of Lu。 The latter State was attacked by Ch`i�察 �and the
duke was about to join battle at Ch`ang´cho�察�after the first roll
of the enemy's drums�察�when Ts`ao said�此 �Not just yet。; Only
after their drums had beaten for the third time�察�did he give the
word for attack。 Then they fought�察�and the men of Ch`i were
utterly defeated。 Questioned afterwards by the Duke as to the
meaning of his delay�察 �Ts`ao Kuei replied�此 �In battle�察 �a
courageous spirit is everything。 Now the first roll of the drum
tends to create this spirit�察�but with the second it is already on
the wane�察�and after the third it is gone altogether。 I attacked
when their spirit was gone and ours was at its height。 Hence our
victory。; Wu Tzu ��chap。 4�� puts ;spirit; first among the ;four
important influences; in war�察�and continues�此 �The value of a
whole armya mighty host of a million menis dependent on one
man alone�此 �such is the influence of spirit� ┌�
a commander´in´chief may be robbed of his presence of mind。
��Chang Yu says�此 �Presence of mind is the general's most
important asset。 It is the quality which enables him to
discipline disorder and to inspire courage into the panic´
stricken。; The great general Li Ching ��A。D。 571´649�� has a
saying�此 �Attacking does not merely consist in assaulting walled
cities or striking at an army in battle array�察�it must include
the art of assailing the enemy's mental equilibrium。;��
28。 Now a solider's spirit is keenest in the morning��
��Always provided�察�I suppose�察�that he has had breakfast。 At
the battle of the Trebia�察�the Romans were foolishly allowed to
fight fasting�察 �whereas Hannibal's men had breakfasted at
their leisure。 See Livy�察�XXI�察�liv。 8�察�lv。 1 and 8。��
by noonday it has begun to flag�察�and in the evening�察�his mind is
bent only on returning to camp。
29。 A clever general�察�therefore�察�avoids an army when its
spirit is keen�察�but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined
to return。 This is the art of studying moods。
30。 Disciplined and calm�察�to await the appearance of
disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy��this is the art of
retaining self´possession。
31。 To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from
it�察�to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling�察�to
be well´fed while the enemy is famished��this is the art of
husbanding one's strength。
32。 To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are
in perfect order�察�to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in
calm and confident array��this is the art of studying
circumstances。
33。 It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against
the enemy�察�nor to oppose him when he comes downhill。
34。 Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight�察 �do not
attack soldiers whose temper is keen。
35。 Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy。
��Li Ch`uan and Tu Mu�察�with extraordinary inability to see a
metaphor�察�take these words quite literally of food and drink that
have been poisoned by the enemy。 Ch`en Hao and Chang Yu
carefully point out that the saying has a wider application。��
Do not interfere with an army that is returning home。
��The commentators explain this rather singular piece of
advice by saying that a man whose heart is set on returning home
will fight to the death against any attempt to bar his way�察 �and
is therefore too dangerous an opponent to be tackled。 Chang Yu
quotes the words of Han Hsin�此 �Invincible is the soldier who
hath his desire and returneth homewards。; A marvelous tale is
told of Ts`ao Ts`ao's courage and resource in ch。 1 of the SAN
KUO CHI�此 �In 198 A。D。�察�he was besieging Chang Hsiu in Jang�察 �when
Liu Piao sent reinforcements with a view to cutting off Ts`ao's
retreat。 The latter was obligbed to draw off his troops�察�only to
find himself hemmed in between two enemies�察�who were guarding
each outlet of a narrow pass in which he had engaged himself。 In
this desperate plight Ts`ao waited until nightfall�察�when he bored
a tunnel into the mountain side and laid an ambush in it。 As
soon as the whole army had passed by�察�the hidden troops fell on
his rear�察 �while Ts`ao himself turned and met his pursuers in
front�察 �so that they were thrown into confusion and annihilated。
Ts`ao Ts`ao said afterwards�此 �The brigands tried to check my
army in its retreat and brought me to battle in a desperate
position�此 �hence I knew how to overcome them。;��
36。 When you surround an army�察�leave an outlet free。
��This does not mean that the enemy is to be allowed to
escape。 The object�察�as Tu Mu puts it�察�is ;to make him believe
that there is a road to safety�察�and thus prevent his fighting
with the courage of despair。; Tu Mu adds pleasantly�此 �After
that�察�you may crush him。;��
Do not press a desperate foe too hard。
��Ch`en Hao quotes the saying�此 �Birds and beasts when
brought to bay will use their claws and teeth。; Chang Yu says�此 �
;If your adversary has burned his boats and destroyed his
cooking´pots�察�and is ready to stake all on the issue of a battle�察�
he must not be pushed to extremities。; Ho Shih illustrates the
meaning by a story taken from the life of Yen´ch`ing。 That
general�察�together with his colleague Tu Chung´wei was surrounded
by a vastly superior army of Khitans in the year 945 A。D。 The
country was bare and desert´like�察�and the little Chinese force
was soon in dire straits for want of water。 The wells they bored
ran dry�察�and the men were reduced to squeezing lumps of mud and
sucking out the moisture。 Their ranks thinned rapidly�察�until at
last Fu Yen´ch`ing exclaimed�此 �We are desperate men。 Far better
to die for our country than to go with fettered hands into
captivity� ─ �A strong gale happened to be blowing from the
northeast and darkening the air with dense clouds of sandy dust。
To Chung´wei was for waiting until this had abated before
deciding on a final attack�察�but luckily another officer�察�Li Shou´
cheng by name�察 �was quicker to see an opportunity�察 �and said�此 �
;They are many and we are few�察�but in the midst of this sandstorm
our numbers will not be discernible�察�victory will go to the
strenuous fighter�察 �and the wind will be our best ally。;
Accordingly�察 �Fu Yen´ch`ing made a sudden and wholly unexpected
onslaught with his cavalry�察�routed the barbarians and succeeded
in breaking through to safety。��
37。 Such is the art of warfare。
��1�А �See Col。 Henderson�察�op。 cit。 vol。