art of war-及13准
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
you know yourself but not the enemy�察�for every victory gained you
will also suffer a defeat。
��Li Ch`uan cites the case of Fu Chien�察�prince of Ch`in�察 �who
in 383 A。D。 marched with a vast army against the Chin Emperor。
When warned not to despise an enemy who could command the
services of such men as Hsieh An and Huan Ch`ung�察�he boastfully
replied�此 �I have the population of eight provinces at my back�察�
infantry and horsemen to the number of one million�察 �why�察 �they
could dam up the Yangtsze River itself by merely throwing their
whips into the stream。 What danger have I to fear�拭─ �
Nevertheless�察 �his forces were soon after disastrously routed at
the Fei River�察�and he was obliged to beat a hasty retreat。��
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself�察�you will succumb in
every battle。
��Chang Yu said�此 �Knowing the enemy enables you to take the
offensive�察 �knowing yourself enables you to stand on the
defensive。; He adds�此 �Attack is the secret of defense�察 �defense
is the planning of an attack。; It would be hard to find a better
epitome of the root´principle of war。��
´
IV。 TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
��Ts`ao Kung explains the Chinese meaning of the words for
the title of this chapter�此 �marching and countermarching on the
part of the two armies with a view to discovering each other's
condition。; Tu Mu says�此 �It is through the dispositions of an
army that its condition may be discovered。 Conceal your
dispositions�察�and your condition will remain secret�察�which leads
to victory�撮察 �show your dispositions�察�and your condition will
become patent�察�which leads to defeat。; Wang Hsi remarks that the
good general can ;secure success by modifying his tactics to meet
those of the enemy。;��
1。 Sun Tzu said�此 �The good fighters of old first put
themselves beyond the possibility of defeat�察�and then waited for
an opportunity of defeating the enemy。
2。 To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own
hands�察�but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by
the enemy himself。
��That is�察�of course�察�by a mistake on the enemy's part。��
3。 Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against
defeat��
��Chang Yu says this is done�察 �By concealing the disposition
of his troops�察�covering up his tracks�察�and taking unremitting
precautions。;��
but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy。
4。 Hence the saying�此 �One may KNOW how to conquer without
being able to DO it。
5。 Security against defeat implies defensive tactics�察�
ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive。
��I retain the sense found in a similar passage in ss。 1´3�察�
in spite of the fact that the commentators are all against me。
The meaning they give�察 �He who cannot conquer takes the
defensive�察─�is plausible enough。��
6。 Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient
strength�察�attacking�察�a superabundance of strength。
7。 The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most
secret recesses of the earth��
��Literally�察 �hides under the ninth earth�察─ �which is a
metaphor indicating the utmost secrecy and concealment�察�so that
the enemy may not know his whereabouts。;��
he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost
heights of heaven。
��Another metaphor�察�implying that he falls on his adversary
like a thunderbolt�察�against which there is no time to prepare。
This is the opinion of most of the commentators。��
Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves�察�on the
other�察�a victory that is complete。
8。 To see victory only when it is within the ken of the
common herd is not the acme of excellence。
��As Ts`ao Kung remarks�察 �the thing is to see the plant
before it has germinated�察─�to foresee the event before the action
has begun。 Li Ch`uan alludes to the story of Han Hsin who�察 �when
about to attack the vastly superior army of Chao�察 �which was
strongly entrenched in the city of Ch`eng´an�察 �said to his
officers�此 �Gentlemen�察�we are going to annihilate the enemy�察 �and
shall meet again at dinner。; The officers hardly took his words
seriously�察 �and gave a very dubious assent。 But Han Hsin had
already worked out in his mind the details of a clever stratagem�察�
whereby�察 �as he foresaw�察�he was able to capture the city and
inflict a crushing defeat on his adversary。;��
9。 Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and
conquer and the whole Empire says�察 �Well done� �
��True excellence being�察�as Tu Mu says�此 �To plan secretly�察�
to move surreptitiously�察�to foil the enemy's intentions and balk
his schemes�察�so that at last the day may be won without shedding
a drop of blood。; Sun Tzu reserves his approbation for things
that
;the world's coarse thumb
And finger fail to plumb。;��
10。 To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength��
�А�Autumn; hair; is explained as the fur of a hare�察�which is
finest in autumn�察�when it begins to grow afresh。 The phrase is a
very common one in Chinese writers。��
to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight�察�to hear the
noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear。
��Ho Shih gives as real instances of strength�察 �sharp sight
and quick hearing�此 �Wu Huo�察�who could lift a tripod weighing 250
stone�察 �Li Chu�察�who at a distance of a hundred paces could see
objects no bigger than a mustard seed�察�and Shih K`uang�察�a blind
musician who could hear the footsteps of a mosquito。��
11。 What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who
not only wins�察�but excels in winning with ease。
��The last half is literally ;one who�察�conquering�察�excels in
easy conquering。; Mei Yao´ch`en says�此 �He who only sees the
obvious�察�wins his battles with difficulty�察�he who looks below the
surface of things�察�wins with ease。;��
12。 Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for
wisdom nor credit for courage。
��Tu Mu explains this very well�此 �Inasmuch as his victories
are gained over circumstances that have not come to light�察 �the
world as large knows nothing of them�察�and he wins no reputation
for wisdom�察�inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there
has been any bloodshed�察�he receives no credit for courage。;��
13。 He wins his battles by making no mistakes。
��Ch`en Hao says�此 �He plans no superfluous marches�察 �he
devises no futile attacks。; The connection of ideas is thus
explained by Chang Yu�此 �One who seeks to conquer by sheer
strength�察�clever though he may be at winning pitched battles�察 �is
also liable on occasion to be vanquished�察�whereas he who can look
into the future and discern conditions that are not yet manifest�察�
will never make a blunder and therefore invariably win。;��
Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory�察�
for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated。
14。 Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position
which makes defeat impossible�察�and does not miss the moment for
defeating the enemy。
��A ;counsel of perfection; as Tu Mu truly observes。
;Position; need not be confined to the actual ground occupied by
the troops。 It includes all the arrangements and preparations
which a wise general will make to increase the safety of his
army。��
15。 Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only
seeks battle after the victory has been won�察�whereas he who is
destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory。
��Ho Shih thus expounds the paradox�此 �In warfare�察�first lay
plans which will ensure victory�察�and then lead your army to
battle�察 �if you will not begin with stratagem but rely on brute
strength alone�察�victory will no longer be assured。;��
16。 The consummate leader cultivates the moral law�察 �and
strictly adheres to method and discipline�察�thus it is in his
power to control success。
17。 In respect of military method�察 �we have�察 �firstly�察�
Measurement�察 �secondly�察 �Estimation of quantity�察 �thirdly�察�
Calculation�察�fourthly�察�Balancing of chances�察�fifthly�察�Victory。
18。 Measurement owes its existence to Earth�察�Estimation of
quantity to Measurement�察�Calculation to Estimation of quantity�察�
Balancing of chances to Calculation�察�and Victory to Balancing of
chances。
��It is not easy to distinguish the four terms very clearly
in the Chinese。 The first seems to be surveying and measurement
of the ground�察�which enable us to form an estimate of the enemy's
strength�察 �and to make calculations based on the data thus
obtained�察�we are thus led to a general weighing´up�察�or comparison
of the enemy's chances with our own�察�if the latter turn the
scale�察 �then victory ensues。 The chief difficulty lies in thi