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you know yourself but not the enemy�察�for every victory gained you 

will also suffer a defeat。



     ��Li Ch`uan cites the case of Fu Chien�察�prince of Ch`in�察 �who 

in 383 A。D。 marched with a vast army against the Chin Emperor。  

When warned not to despise an enemy who could command the 

services of such men as Hsieh An and Huan Ch`ung�察�he boastfully 

replied�此   �I have the population of eight provinces at my back�察�

infantry and horsemen to the number of one million�察 �why�察 �they 

could dam up the Yangtsze River itself by merely throwing their 

whips   into   the stream。  What danger have I   to   fear�拭─ �

Nevertheless�察 �his forces were soon after disastrously routed at 

the Fei River�察�and he was obliged to beat a hasty retreat。��



If you know neither the enemy nor yourself�察�you will succumb in 

every battle。



     ��Chang Yu said�此  �Knowing the enemy enables you to take the 

offensive�察  �knowing yourself enables you to stand on   the 

defensive。;  He adds�此  �Attack is the secret of defense�察 �defense 

is the planning of an attack。;  It would be hard to find a better 

epitome of the root´principle of war。��



´



IV。  TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS





     ��Ts`ao Kung explains the Chinese meaning of the words for 

the title of this chapter�此  �marching and countermarching on the 

part of the two armies with a view to discovering each other's 

condition。;   Tu Mu says�此  �It is through the dispositions of an 

army that its condition may be discovered。  Conceal   your 

dispositions�察�and your condition will remain secret�察�which leads 

to victory�撮察 �show your dispositions�察�and your condition will 

become patent�察�which leads to defeat。;  Wang Hsi remarks that the 

good general can ;secure success by modifying his tactics to meet 

those of the enemy。;��



     1。  Sun Tzu said�此 �The good fighters of old first put 

themselves beyond the possibility of defeat�察�and then waited for 

an opportunity of defeating the enemy。

     2。  To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own 

hands�察�but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by 

the enemy himself。



     ��That is�察�of course�察�by a mistake on the enemy's part。��



     3。  Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against 

defeat��



     ��Chang Yu says this is done�察  �By concealing the disposition 

of his troops�察�covering up his tracks�察�and taking unremitting 

precautions。;��



but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy。

     4。  Hence the saying�此 �One may KNOW how to conquer without 

being able to DO it。

     5。  Security against defeat implies defensive tactics�察�

ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive。



     ��I retain the sense found in a similar passage in ss。  1´3�察�

in spite of the fact that the commentators are all against me。  

The meaning they give�察  �He who cannot conquer takes   the 

defensive�察─�is plausible enough。��



     6。   Standing on the defensive indicates   insufficient 

strength�察�attacking�察�a superabundance of strength。

     7。  The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most 

secret recesses of the earth��



     ��Literally�察  �hides under the ninth earth�察─ �which is a 

metaphor indicating the utmost secrecy and concealment�察�so that 

the enemy may not know his whereabouts。;��



he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost 

heights of heaven。



     ��Another metaphor�察�implying that he falls on his adversary 

like a thunderbolt�察�against which there is no time to prepare。  

This is the opinion of most of the commentators。��



Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves�察�on the 

other�察�a victory that is complete。

     8。  To see victory only when it is within the ken of the 

common herd is not the acme of excellence。



     ��As Ts`ao Kung remarks�察 �the thing is to see the plant 

before it has germinated�察─�to foresee the event before the action 

has begun。  Li Ch`uan alludes to the story of Han Hsin who�察 �when 

about to attack the vastly superior army of Chao�察 �which was 

strongly entrenched in the city of Ch`eng´an�察 �said to his 

officers�此  �Gentlemen�察�we are going to annihilate the enemy�察 �and 

shall meet again at dinner。;  The officers hardly took his words 

seriously�察 �and gave a very dubious assent。  But Han Hsin had 

already worked out in his mind the details of a clever stratagem�察�

whereby�察 �as he foresaw�察�he was able to capture the city and 

inflict a crushing defeat on his adversary。;��



     9。  Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and 

conquer and the whole Empire says�察 �Well done� �



     ��True excellence being�察�as Tu Mu says�此  �To plan secretly�察�

to move surreptitiously�察�to foil the enemy's intentions and balk 

his schemes�察�so that at last the day may be won without shedding 

a drop of blood。;  Sun Tzu reserves his approbation for things 

that

                    ;the world's coarse thumb

               And finger fail to plumb。;��



     10。  To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength��



     �А�Autumn; hair; is explained as the fur of a hare�察�which is 

finest in autumn�察�when it begins to grow afresh。  The phrase is a 

very common one in Chinese writers。��



to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight�察�to hear the 

noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear。



     ��Ho Shih gives as real instances of strength�察 �sharp sight 

and quick hearing�此 �Wu Huo�察�who could lift a tripod weighing 250 

stone�察 �Li Chu�察�who at a distance of a hundred paces could see 

objects no bigger than a mustard seed�察�and Shih K`uang�察�a blind 

musician who could hear the footsteps of a mosquito。��



     11。  What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who 

not only wins�察�but excels in winning with ease。



     ��The last half is literally ;one who�察�conquering�察�excels in 

easy conquering。;   Mei Yao´ch`en says�此  �He who only sees the 

obvious�察�wins his battles with difficulty�察�he who looks below the 

surface of things�察�wins with ease。;��



     12。  Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for 

wisdom nor credit for courage。



     ��Tu Mu explains this very well�此  �Inasmuch as his victories 

are gained over circumstances that have not come to light�察 �the 

world as large knows nothing of them�察�and he wins no reputation 

for wisdom�察�inasmuch as the hostile state submits before there 

has been any bloodshed�察�he receives no credit for courage。;��



     13。  He wins his battles by making no mistakes。



     ��Ch`en Hao says�此   �He plans no superfluous marches�察 �he 

devises no futile attacks。;  The connection of ideas is thus 

explained by Chang Yu�此  �One who seeks to conquer by sheer 

strength�察�clever though he may be at winning pitched battles�察 �is 

also liable on occasion to be vanquished�察�whereas he who can look 

into the future and discern conditions that are not yet manifest�察�

will never make a blunder and therefore invariably win。;��



Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory�察�

for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated。

     14。  Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position 

which makes defeat impossible�察�and does not miss the moment for 

defeating the enemy。



     ��A  ;counsel of perfection;  as Tu Mu truly   observes。  

;Position; need not be confined to the actual ground occupied by 

the troops。  It includes all the arrangements and preparations 

which a wise general will make to increase the safety of his 

army。��



     15。  Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only 

seeks battle after the victory has been won�察�whereas he who is 

destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory。



     ��Ho Shih thus expounds the paradox�此  �In warfare�察�first lay 

plans which will ensure victory�察�and then lead your army to 

battle�察 �if you will not begin with stratagem but rely on brute 

strength alone�察�victory will no longer be assured。;��



     16。  The consummate leader cultivates the moral law�察 �and 

strictly adheres to method and discipline�察�thus it is in his 

power to control success。

     17。  In respect of military method�察 �we have�察 �firstly�察�

Measurement�察  �secondly�察  �Estimation   of   quantity�察  �thirdly�察�

Calculation�察�fourthly�察�Balancing of chances�察�fifthly�察�Victory。

     18。  Measurement owes its existence to Earth�察�Estimation of 

quantity to Measurement�察�Calculation to Estimation of quantity�察�

Balancing of chances to Calculation�察�and Victory to Balancing of 

chances。



     ��It is not easy to distinguish the four terms very clearly 

in the Chinese。  The first seems to be surveying and measurement 

of the ground�察�which enable us to form an estimate of the enemy's 

strength�察 �and to make calculations based on the data thus 

obtained�察�we are thus led to a general weighing´up�察�or comparison 

of the enemy's chances with our own�察�if the latter turn the 

scale�察 �then victory ensues。  The chief difficulty lies in thi

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