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rewarding or punishing him�察�which would be much spoken about。 And a 

prince ought�察�above all things�察�always endeavour in every action to gain 

for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man。 

     A   prince    is  also  respected    when    he   is  either  a  true  friend   or   a 



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downright       enemy�察    �that   is  to  say�察  �when�察   �without     any   reservation�察    �he 

declares himself in favour of one party against the other�察�which course will 

always   be   more   advantageous   than   standing   neutral�察  �because   if   two   of 

your powerful neighbours come to blows�察�they are of such a character that�察�

if one of them conquers�察�you have either to fear him or not。 In either case 

it   will   always   be   more   advantageous   for   you   to   declare   yourself   and   to 

make   war   strenuously�察  �because�察  �in   the   first   case�察  �if   you   do   not   declare 

yourself�察�you will invariably fall a prey to the conqueror�察�to the pleasure 

and   satisfaction   of   him   who   has   been   conquered�察  �and   you   will   have   no 

reasons to offer�察�nor anything to protect or to shelter you。 Because he who 

conquers does not want doubtful friends who will not aid him in the time 

of   trial�察  �and   he   who   loses   will   not   harbour   you   because   you   did   not 

willingly�察�sword in hand�察�court his fate。 

     Antiochus went into Greece�察�being sent for by the Aetolians to drive 

out the Romans。 He sent envoys to the Achaeans�察�who were friends of the 

Romans�察  �exhorting   them   to   remain   neutral�察  �and   on   the   other   hand   the 

Romans urged them to take up arms。 This question came to be discussed 

in the council of the Achaeans�察�where the legate of Antiochus urged them 

to stand neutral。 To this the Roman legate answered�此 �As for that which 

has been said�察�that it is better and more advantageous for your state not to 

interfere    in   our  war�察  �nothing     can   be   more    erroneous�察    �because    by   not 

interfering you will be left�察�without favour or consideration�察�the guerdon 

of   the   conqueror。;   Thus   it   will   always   happen   that   he   who   is   not   your 

friend   will   demand   your   neutrality�察  �whilst   he   who   is   your   friend   will 

entreat you to declare yourself with arms。 And irresolute princes�察�to avoid 

present dangers�察�generally follow the neutral path�察�and are generally ruined。 

But when a prince declares himself gallantly in favour of one side�察�if the 

party with whom he allies himself conquers�察�although the victor may be 

powerful and may have him at his mercy�察�yet he is indebted to him�察�and 

there is established a bond of amity�察�and men are never so shameless as to 

become a monument of ingratitude by oppressing you。 Victories after all 

are    never    so   complete     that   the   victor   must    not   show     some    regard�察�

especially to justice。 But if he with whom you ally yourself loses�察�you may 

be sheltered by him�察�and whilst he is able he may aid you�察�and you become 



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companions on a fortune that may rise again。 

     In the second case�察�when those who fight are of such a character that 

you have no anxiety as to who may conquer�察�so much the more is it greater 

prudence to be allied�察�because you assist at the destruction of one by the 

aid   of   another   who�察  �if   he   had   been   wise�察  �would   have   saved   him�察  �and 

conquering�察�as it is impossible that he should not do with your assistance�察�

he remains at your discretion。 And here it is to be noted that a prince ought 

to   take   care   never   to   make   an   alliance     with   one    more   powerful      than 

himself for the purposes of attacking others�察�unless necessity compels him�察�

as   is   said   above�察  �because   if   he   conquers   you   are   at   his   discretion�察  �and 

princes ought to avoid as much as possible being at the discretion of any 

one。 The Venetians joined with France against the Duke of Milan�察�and this 

alliance�察 �which   caused  their   ruin�察 �could have   been   avoided。  But   when   it 

cannot   be   avoided�察  �as   happened   to   the   Florentines   when   the   Pope   and 

Spain sent armies to attack Lombardy�察�then in such a case�察�for the above 

reasons�察�the prince ought to favour one of the parties。 

     Never   let   any   Government   imagine   that   it   can   choose   perfectly   safe 

courses�察�rather let it expect to have to take very doubtful ones�察�because it 

is   found   in   ordinary   affairs   that   one   never   seeks   to   avoid   one   trouble 

without   running   into   another�察  �but   prudence   consists   in   knowing   how   to 

distinguish the character of troubles�察�and for choice to take the lesser evil。 

     A prince ought also to show himself a patron of ability�察�and to honour 

the   proficient   in   every   art。   At   the   same   time   he   should   encourage   his 

citizens     to   practise    their   callings    peaceably�察    �both    in   commerce       and 

agriculture�察  �and   in   every   other   following�察  �so   that   the   one   should   not   be 

deterred from improving his possessions for fear lest they be taken away 

from him or another from opening up trade for fear of taxes�察�but the prince 

ought to offer rewards to whoever wishes to do these things and designs in 

any way to honour his city or state。 

     Further�察�he ought to entertain the people with festivals and spectacles 

at convenient seasons of the year�察�and as every city is divided into guilds 

or into societies�撮�*�А�he ought to hold such bodies in esteem�察�and associate 

with    them   sometimes�察       �and   show     himself    an   example     of   courtesy   and 

liberality�察  �nevertheless�察  �always   maintaining   the   majesty   of   his   rank�察  �for 



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this he must never consent to abate in anything。 

     ��*�А �Guilds or societies�察─ �in arti o in tribu。; ;Arti; were craft or trade 

guilds�察�cf。 Florio�此 �Arte 。 。 。 a whole company of any trade in any city or 

corporation town。; The guilds of Florence   are most admirably  described 

by   Mr   Edgcumbe   Staley   in   his   work   on   the   subject   ��Methuen�察  �1906��。 

Institutions of a somewhat similar character�察�called ;artel�察─�exist in Russia 

to´day�察�cf。 Sir Mackenzie Wallace's ;Russia�察─�ed。 1905�此 �The sons 。 。 。 were 

always   during   the   working   season   members   of   an   artel。   In   some   of   the 

larger   towns   there   are   artels   of   a   much   more   complex   kind   permanent 

associations�察�possessing large capital�察�and pecuniarily responsible for the 

acts   of   the   individual   members。;   The   word   ;artel�察─  �despite   its   apparent 

similarity�察�has�察�Mr Aylmer Maude assures me�察�no connection with ;ars; or 

;arte。; Its root is that of the verb ;rotisya�察─�to bind oneself by an oath�察�and 

it   is   generally   admitted   to   be   only   another   form   of   ;rota�察─  �which   now 

signifies a ;regimental company。; In both words the underlying idea is that 

of a body of men united by an oath。 ;Tribu; were possibly gentile groups�察�

united     by   common       descent�察   �and    included     individuals     connected      by 

marriage。 Perhaps our words ;sects; or ;clans; would be most appropriate。 



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                           CHAPTER XXII 



             CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES 

     The choice of servants is of no little importance to a prince�察�and they 

are good or not according to the discrimination of the prince。 And the first 

opinion   which   one   forms   of   a   prince�察  �and   of   his   understanding�察  �is   by 

observing   the   men   he   has   around   him�察  �and   when   they   are   capable   and 

faithful he may always be considered wise�察�because he has known how to 

recognize     the   capable   and   to  keep    them   faithful。  But   when    they   are 

otherwise   one   cannot   form   a   good   opinion   of   him�察  �for   the   prime   error 

which he made was in choosing them。 

     There were none who knew Messer Antonio da Venafro as the servant 

of Pandolfo Petrucci�察�Prince of Siena�察�who would not consider Pandolfo to 

be a very clever man in having Venafro for his servant。 Because there are 

three classes of intellects�此�one which comprehends by itself�察�another which 

appreciates      what    others   comprehended�察       �and    a  third   which     neither 

comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others�察�the first is the most 


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