the prince(藍徨)-及25准
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rewarding or punishing him�察�which would be much spoken about。 And a
prince ought�察�above all things�察�always endeavour in every action to gain
for himself the reputation of being a great and remarkable man。
A prince is also respected when he is either a true friend or a
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downright enemy�察 �that is to say�察 �when�察 �without any reservation�察 �he
declares himself in favour of one party against the other�察�which course will
always be more advantageous than standing neutral�察 �because if two of
your powerful neighbours come to blows�察�they are of such a character that�察�
if one of them conquers�察�you have either to fear him or not。 In either case
it will always be more advantageous for you to declare yourself and to
make war strenuously�察 �because�察 �in the first case�察 �if you do not declare
yourself�察�you will invariably fall a prey to the conqueror�察�to the pleasure
and satisfaction of him who has been conquered�察 �and you will have no
reasons to offer�察�nor anything to protect or to shelter you。 Because he who
conquers does not want doubtful friends who will not aid him in the time
of trial�察 �and he who loses will not harbour you because you did not
willingly�察�sword in hand�察�court his fate。
Antiochus went into Greece�察�being sent for by the Aetolians to drive
out the Romans。 He sent envoys to the Achaeans�察�who were friends of the
Romans�察 �exhorting them to remain neutral�察 �and on the other hand the
Romans urged them to take up arms。 This question came to be discussed
in the council of the Achaeans�察�where the legate of Antiochus urged them
to stand neutral。 To this the Roman legate answered�此 �As for that which
has been said�察�that it is better and more advantageous for your state not to
interfere in our war�察 �nothing can be more erroneous�察 �because by not
interfering you will be left�察�without favour or consideration�察�the guerdon
of the conqueror。; Thus it will always happen that he who is not your
friend will demand your neutrality�察 �whilst he who is your friend will
entreat you to declare yourself with arms。 And irresolute princes�察�to avoid
present dangers�察�generally follow the neutral path�察�and are generally ruined。
But when a prince declares himself gallantly in favour of one side�察�if the
party with whom he allies himself conquers�察�although the victor may be
powerful and may have him at his mercy�察�yet he is indebted to him�察�and
there is established a bond of amity�察�and men are never so shameless as to
become a monument of ingratitude by oppressing you。 Victories after all
are never so complete that the victor must not show some regard�察�
especially to justice。 But if he with whom you ally yourself loses�察�you may
be sheltered by him�察�and whilst he is able he may aid you�察�and you become
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companions on a fortune that may rise again。
In the second case�察�when those who fight are of such a character that
you have no anxiety as to who may conquer�察�so much the more is it greater
prudence to be allied�察�because you assist at the destruction of one by the
aid of another who�察 �if he had been wise�察 �would have saved him�察 �and
conquering�察�as it is impossible that he should not do with your assistance�察�
he remains at your discretion。 And here it is to be noted that a prince ought
to take care never to make an alliance with one more powerful than
himself for the purposes of attacking others�察�unless necessity compels him�察�
as is said above�察 �because if he conquers you are at his discretion�察 �and
princes ought to avoid as much as possible being at the discretion of any
one。 The Venetians joined with France against the Duke of Milan�察�and this
alliance�察 �which caused their ruin�察 �could have been avoided。 But when it
cannot be avoided�察 �as happened to the Florentines when the Pope and
Spain sent armies to attack Lombardy�察�then in such a case�察�for the above
reasons�察�the prince ought to favour one of the parties。
Never let any Government imagine that it can choose perfectly safe
courses�察�rather let it expect to have to take very doubtful ones�察�because it
is found in ordinary affairs that one never seeks to avoid one trouble
without running into another�察 �but prudence consists in knowing how to
distinguish the character of troubles�察�and for choice to take the lesser evil。
A prince ought also to show himself a patron of ability�察�and to honour
the proficient in every art。 At the same time he should encourage his
citizens to practise their callings peaceably�察 �both in commerce and
agriculture�察 �and in every other following�察 �so that the one should not be
deterred from improving his possessions for fear lest they be taken away
from him or another from opening up trade for fear of taxes�察�but the prince
ought to offer rewards to whoever wishes to do these things and designs in
any way to honour his city or state。
Further�察�he ought to entertain the people with festivals and spectacles
at convenient seasons of the year�察�and as every city is divided into guilds
or into societies�撮�*�А�he ought to hold such bodies in esteem�察�and associate
with them sometimes�察 �and show himself an example of courtesy and
liberality�察 �nevertheless�察 �always maintaining the majesty of his rank�察 �for
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this he must never consent to abate in anything。
��*�А �Guilds or societies�察─ �in arti o in tribu。; ;Arti; were craft or trade
guilds�察�cf。 Florio�此 �Arte 。 。 。 a whole company of any trade in any city or
corporation town。; The guilds of Florence are most admirably described
by Mr Edgcumbe Staley in his work on the subject ��Methuen�察 �1906��。
Institutions of a somewhat similar character�察�called ;artel�察─�exist in Russia
to´day�察�cf。 Sir Mackenzie Wallace's ;Russia�察─�ed。 1905�此 �The sons 。 。 。 were
always during the working season members of an artel。 In some of the
larger towns there are artels of a much more complex kind permanent
associations�察�possessing large capital�察�and pecuniarily responsible for the
acts of the individual members。; The word ;artel�察─ �despite its apparent
similarity�察�has�察�Mr Aylmer Maude assures me�察�no connection with ;ars; or
;arte。; Its root is that of the verb ;rotisya�察─�to bind oneself by an oath�察�and
it is generally admitted to be only another form of ;rota�察─ �which now
signifies a ;regimental company。; In both words the underlying idea is that
of a body of men united by an oath。 ;Tribu; were possibly gentile groups�察�
united by common descent�察 �and included individuals connected by
marriage。 Perhaps our words ;sects; or ;clans; would be most appropriate。
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CHAPTER XXII
CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES
The choice of servants is of no little importance to a prince�察�and they
are good or not according to the discrimination of the prince。 And the first
opinion which one forms of a prince�察 �and of his understanding�察 �is by
observing the men he has around him�察 �and when they are capable and
faithful he may always be considered wise�察�because he has known how to
recognize the capable and to keep them faithful。 But when they are
otherwise one cannot form a good opinion of him�察 �for the prime error
which he made was in choosing them。
There were none who knew Messer Antonio da Venafro as the servant
of Pandolfo Petrucci�察�Prince of Siena�察�who would not consider Pandolfo to
be a very clever man in having Venafro for his servant。 Because there are
three classes of intellects�此�one which comprehends by itself�察�another which
appreciates what others comprehended�察 �and a third which neither
comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others�察�the first is the most