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The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals
by Charles Darwin
NEW YORK D。 APPLETON AND COMPANY 1899
CONTENTS。 INTRODUCTION。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。Pages 1…26
CHAP。 IGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION。 The three chief principles statedThe first principleServiceable actions become habitual in association with certain states of the mind； and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case The force of habitInheritanceAssociated habitual movements in manReflex actionsPassage of habits into reflex actions Associated habitual movements in the lower animals Concluding remarks 。。。。。。。。。。。。27…49
CHAP。 IIGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION_continued_。 The Principle of AntithesisInstances in the dog and catOrigin of the principle Conventional signsThe principle of antithesis has not arisen from opposite actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses 。。。。。。。。。。50…65
CHAP。 IIIGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION_concluded_。
The principle of the direct action of the excited nervous system on the body； independently of the will and in part of habitChange of colour in the hair Trembling of the musclesModified secretionsPerspirationExpression of extreme painOf rage； great joy； and terrorContrast between the emotions which cause and do not cause expressive movementsExciting and depressing states of the mindSummary。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 66…82
CHAP。 IVMEANS OF EXPRESSION。 IN ANIMALS。 The emission of sounds Vocal soundsSounds otherwise producedErection of the dermal appendages； hairs； feathers； &c。； under the emotions of anger and terrorThe drawing back of the ears as a preparation for fighting； and as an expression of anger Erection of the ears and raising the head； a sign of attention 88…114
CHAP。 V。SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS。 The Dog； various expressive movements ofCatsHorsesRuminantsMonkeys； their expression of joy and affectionOf painAnger Astonishment and Terror Pages 115…145
CHAP。 VI。SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN： SUFFERING AND WEEPING。 The screaming and weeping of infantsForm of featuresAge at which weeping commences The effects of habitual restraint on weepingSobbingCause of the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming Cause of the secretion of tears 146…175
CHAP。 VII。LOW SPIRITS； ANXIETY； GRIEF； DEJECTION； DESPAIR。 General effect of grief on the systemObliquity of the eyebrows under suffering On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrowsOn the depression of the corners of the mouth 176…195
CHAP。 VIII。JOY； HIGH SPIRITS； LOVE； TENDER FEELINGS； DEVOTION。 Laughter primarily the expression of joyLudicrous ideas Movements of the features during laughterNature of the sound produced The secretion of tears during loud laughterGradation from loud laughter to gentle smilingHigh spiritsThe expression of love Tender feelingsDevotion 196…219
CHAP。 IX。REFLECTIONMEDITATIONILLTEMPERSULKINESS DETERMINATION。 The act of frowningReflection with an effort or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeableAbstracted meditation Ill…temperMorosenessObstinacySulkiness and pouting Decision or determinationThe firm closure of the mouth 220…236
CHAP。 X。…HATRED AND ANGER。
HatredRage； effects of on the systemUncovering of the teeth Rage in the insaneAnger and indignationAs expressed by the various races of manSneering and defianceThe uncovering of the canine teeth on one side of the face 237…252
CHAP。 XI。DISDAINCONTEMPTDISGUSTGUILTPRIDE； ETC。HELPLESSNESS PATIENCEAFFIRMATION AND NEGATION。 Contempt； scorn and disdain； variously expressedDerisive SmileGestures expressive of contempt DisgustGuilt； deceit； pride； etc。Helplessness or impotence PatienceObstinacyShrugging the shoulders common to most of the races of manSigns of affirmation and negation 253…277
CHAP。 XII。SURPRISEASTONISHMENTFEARHORROR。
Surprise； astonishmentElevation of the eyebrowsOpening the mouth Protrusion of the lipsGestures accompanying surprise Admiration FearTerrorErection of the hairContraction of the platysma muscleDilatation of the pupilshorrorConclusion。 Pages 278…308
CHAP。 XIII。SELF…ATTENTIONSHAMESHYNESSMODESTY： BLUSHING。
Nature of a blushInheritanceThe parts of the body most affected Blushing in the various races of manAccompanying gestures Confusion of mindCauses of blushingSelf…attention； the fundamental elementShynessShame； from broken moral laws and conventional rulesModestyTheory of blushingRecapitulation 309…346
CHAP。 XIV。CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY。
The three leading principles which have determined the chief movements of expressionTheir inheritanceOn the part which the will and intention have played in the acquirement of various expressions The instinctive recognition of expressionThe bearing of our subject on the specific unity of the races of manOn the successive acquirement of various expressions by the progenitors of man The importance of expressionConclusion 347…366
ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS。
INTRODUCTION。
MANY works have been written on Expression； but a greater number on Physiognomy；that is； on the recognition of character through the study of the permanent form of the features。 With this latter subject I am not here concerned。 The older treatises；＇1＇ which I have consulted； have been of little or no service to me。 The famous ‘Conferences'＇2＇ of the painter Le Brun； published in 1667； is the best known ancient work； and contains some good remarks。 Another somewhat old essay； namely； the ‘Discours；' delivered 1774…1782； by the well…known Dutch anatomist Camper；＇3＇ can hardly be considered as having made any marked advance in the subject。 The following works； on the contrary； deserve the fullest consideration。
Sir Charles Bell； so illustrious for his discoveries in physiology； published in 1806 the first edition； and in
＇1＇ J。 Parsons； in his paper in the Appendix to the ‘Philosophical Transactions' for 1746； p。 41； gives a list of forty…one old authors who have written on Expression。
＇2＇ Conferences sur l'expression des differents Caracteres des Passions。' Paris； 4to； 1667。 I always quote from the republication of the ‘Conferences' in the edition of Lavater； by Moreau； which appeared in 1820； as given in vol。 ix。 p。 257。
＇3＇ ‘Discours par Pierre Camper sur le moyen de representer les diverses passions；' &c。 1792。 1844 the third edition of his ‘Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression。'＇4＇ He may with justice be said； not only to have laid the foundations of the subject as a branch of science； but to have built up a noble structure。 His work is in every way deeply interesting； it includes graphic descriptions of the various emotions； and is admirably illustrated。 It is generally admitted that his service consists chiefly in having shown the intimate relation which exists between the movements of expression and those of respiration。 One of the most important points； small as it may at first appear； is that the muscles round the eyes are involuntarily contracted during violent expiratory efforts； in order to protect these delicate organs from the pressure of the blood。 This fact； which has been fully investigated for me with the greatest kindness by Professors Donders of Utrecht； throws； as we shall hereafter see； a flood of light on several of the most important expressions of the human countenance。 The merits of Sir C。 Bell's work have been undervalued or quite ignored by several foreign writers； but have been fully admitted by some； for instance by M。 Lemoine；＇5＇ who with great justice says：〃Le livre de Ch。 Bell devrait etre medite par quiconque essaye de faire parler le visage de l'homme； par les philosophes aussi bien que par les artistes； car； sous une apparence plus legere et sous le pretexte de l'esthetique； c'est un des plus beaux monuments de la science des rapports du physique et du moral。〃
＇4＇ I always quote from the third edition； 1844； which was published after the death of Sir C。 Bell； and contains his latest corrections。 The first edition of 1806 is much inferior in merit； and does not include some of his more important views。
＇5＇ ‘De la Physionomie et de la Parole；' par Albert Lemoine； 1865； p。 101。
From reasons which will presently be assigned； Sir C。 Bell did not attempt to follow out his views as far as they might have been carried。 He does not try to explain why different muscles are brought into action under different emotions； why； for instance； the inner ends of the eyebrows are raised； and the corners of the mouth depressed； by a person suffering from grief or anxiety。
In 1807 M。 Moreau edited an edition of Lavater on Physiognomy；＇6＇ in which he incorporated several of his own essays； containing excellent descriptions of the movements of the facial muscles； together with many valuable remarks。 He throws； however； very little light on the philosophy of the subject。 For instance； M。 Moreau； in speaking of the act of frowning； that is； of the contraction of the muscle called by French writers the _soucilier_ （_corrigator supercilii_）； remarks with truth：〃Cette action des sourciliers est un des symptomes les plus tranches de l'expression des affections penibles ou concentrees。〃 He then adds that these
