posterior analytics-第24节

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knowledge　are　not　innate　but　come　to　be　in　us；　or　are　innate　but　at



first　unnoticed。　Now　it　is　strange　if　we　possess　them　from　birth；



for　it　means　that　we　possess　apprehensions　more　accurate　than



demonstration　and　fail　to　notice　them。　If　on　the　other　hand　we　acquire



them　and　do　not　previously　possess　them；　how　could　we　apprehend　and



learn　without　a　basis　of　pre…existent　knowledge？　For　that　is



impossible；　as　we　used　to　find　in　the　case　of　demonstration。　So　it



emerges　that　neither　can　we　possess　them　from　birth；　nor　can　they　come



to　be　in　us　if　we　are　without　knowledge　of　them　to　the　extent　of



having　no　such　developed　state　at　all。　Therefore　we　must　possess　a



capacity　of　some　sort；　but　not　such　as　to　rank　higher　in　accuracy　than



these　developed　states。　And　this　at　least　is　an　obvious　characteristic



of　all　animals；　for　they　possess　a　congenital　discriminative



capacity　which　is　called　sense…perception。　But　though　sense…perception



is　innate　in　all　animals；　in　some　the　sense…impression　comes　to



persist；　in　others　it　does　not。　So　animals　in　which　this　persistence



does　not　come　to　be　have　either　no　knowledge　at　all　outside　the　act　of



perceiving；　or　no　knowledge　of　objects　of　which　no　impression



persists；　animals　in　which　it　does　come　into　being　have　perception　and



can　continue　to　retain　the　sense…impression　in　the　soul：　and　when　such



persistence　is　frequently　repeated　a　further　distinction　at　once



arises　between　those　which　out　of　the　persistence　of　such



sense…impressions　develop　a　power　of　systematizing　them　and　those



which　do　not。　So　out　of　sense…perception　comes　to　be　what　we　call



memory；　and　out　of　frequently　repeated　memories　of　the　same　thing



develops　experience；　for　a　number　of　memories　constitute　a　single



experience。　From　experience　again…i。e。　from　the　universal　now



stabilized　in　its　entirety　within　the　soul；　the　one　beside　the　many



which　is　a　single　identity　within　them　all…originate　the　skill　of



the　craftsman　and　the　knowledge　of　the　man　of　science；　skill　in　the



sphere　of　coming　to　be　and　science　in　the　sphere　of　being。



　　We　conclude　that　these　states　of　knowledge　are　neither　innate　in　a



determinate　form；　nor　developed　from　other　higher　states　of　knowledge；



but　from　sense…perception。　It　is　like　a　rout　in　battle　stopped　by



first　one　man　making　a　stand　and　then　another；　until　the　original



formation　has　been　restored。　The　soul　is　so　constituted　as　to　be



capable　of　this　process。



　　Let　us　now　restate　the　account　given　already；　though　with



insufficient　clearness。　When　one　of　a　number　of　logically



indiscriminable　particulars　has　made　a　stand；　the　earliest　universal



is　present　in　the　soul：　for　though　the　act　of　sense…perception　is　of



the　particular；　its　content　is　universal…is　man；　for　example；　not



the　man　Callias。　A　fresh　stand　is　made　among　these　rudimentary



universals；　and　the　process　does　not　cease　until　the　indivisible



concepts；　the　true　universals；　are　established：　e。g。　such　and　such　a



species　of　animal　is　a　step　towards　the　genus　animal；　which　by　the



same　process　is　a　step　towards　a　further　generalization。



　　Thus　it　is　clear　that　we　must　get　to　know　the　primary　premisses　by



induction；　for　the　method　by　which　even　sense…perception　implants



the　universal　is　inductive。　Now　of　the　thinking　states　by　which　we



grasp　truth；　some　are　unfailingly　true；　others　admit　of　error…opinion；



for　instance；　and　calculation；　whereas　scientific　knowing　and



intuition　are　always　true：　further；　no　other　kind　of　thought　except



intuition　is　more　accurate　than　scientific　knowledge；　whereas



primary　premisses　are　more　knowable　than　demonstrations；　and　all



scientific　knowledge　is　discursive。　From　these　considerations　it



follows　that　there　will　be　no　scientific　knowledge　of　the　primary



premisses；　and　since　except　intuition　nothing　can　be　truer　than



scientific　knowledge；　it　will　be　intuition　that　apprehends　the　primary



premisses…a　result　which　also　follows　from　the　fact　that　demonstration



cannot　be　the　originative　source　of　demonstration；　nor；



consequently；　scientific　knowledge　of　scientific　knowledge。If；



therefore；　it　is　the　only　other　kind　of　true　thinking　except



scientific　knowing；　intuition　will　be　the　originative　source　of



scientific　knowledge。　And　the　originative　source　of　science　grasps　the



original　basic　premiss；　while　science　as　a　whole　is　similarly



related　as　originative　source　to　the　whole　body　of　fact。











　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　…THE　END…



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