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formerly¡¡attributed¡¡this¡¡sinking¡¡solely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡slow¡¡settling¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
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of¡¡the¡¡pavement¡¡is¡¡intelligible¡£

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since¡¡the¡¡old¡¡buildings¡¡were¡¡deserted£»¡¡the¡¡vegetable¡¡mould¡¡has¡¡not¡¡
accumulated¡¡over¡¡them¡¡to¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡thickness¡¡than¡¡that¡¡here¡¡
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but¡¡in¡¡some¡¡places¡¡12¡¡or¡¡even¡¡more¡¡inches¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡Fig¡£¡¡11£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡given¡¡
as¡¡20¡¡inches£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡section¡¡was¡¡drawn¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Joyce¡¡before¡¡his¡¡
attention¡¡was¡¡particularly¡¡called¡¡to¡¡this¡¡subject¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡land¡¡
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the¡¡south£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡are¡¡parts¡¡which£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Joyce£»¡¡are¡¡
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western¡¡end¡¡by¡¡rubbish¡¡and¡¡mould¡¡to¡¡a¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡28¡£5¡¡inches£»¡¡and¡¡
at¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡end¡¡by¡¡a¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡only¡¡11¡£5¡¡inches¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡very¡¡
slight¡¡slope¡¡suffices¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡recent¡¡castings¡¡to¡¡flow¡¡downwards¡¡
during¡¡heavy¡¡rain£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡much¡¡earth¡¡will¡¡ultimately¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡
neighbouring¡¡rills¡¡and¡¡streams¡¡and¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡away¡£¡¡¡¡By¡¡this¡¡means£»¡¡
the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡very¡¡thick¡¡beds¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡over¡¡these¡¡ancient¡¡ruins¡¡
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has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡ploughed£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡would¡¡greatly¡¡aid¡¡the¡¡washing¡¡away¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡finer¡¡earth¡¡during¡¡rainy¡¡weather¡£

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some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sections¡¡is¡¡rather¡¡perplexing¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡see£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡section¡¡of¡¡an¡¡excavation¡¡in¡¡a¡¡grass¡¡meadow¡¡£¨Fig¡£¡¡14£©£»¡¡which¡¡
sloped¡¡from¡¡north¡¡to¡¡south¡¡at¡¡an¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡30¡¡degrees¡¡40¡¡seconds£»¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡on¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡side¡¡is¡¡only¡¡six¡¡inches¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
lower¡¡side¡¡nine¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡thickness¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡this¡¡mould¡¡lies¡¡on¡¡a¡¡mass¡¡
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as¡¡described¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Joyce£»¡¡¡¨thickly¡¡interspersed¡¡with¡¡small¡¡pebbles¡¡
and¡¡bits¡¡of¡¡tiles£»¡¡which¡¡present¡¡a¡¡corroded¡¡or¡¡worn¡¡appearance¡£¡¡¡¡
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has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡ploughed£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡thus¡¡becomes¡¡intermingled¡¡
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to¡¡the¡¡weather¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡during¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡many¡¡centuries¡¡this¡¡grass¡¡
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ploughed£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡other¡¡times¡¡left¡¡as¡¡pasture£»¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
ground¡¡in¡¡the¡¡above¡¡section¡¡is¡¡rendered¡¡intelligible¡£¡¡¡¡For¡¡worms¡¡
will¡¡continually¡¡have¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡fine¡¡earth¡¡from¡¡below£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡
have¡¡been¡¡stirred¡¡up¡¡by¡¡the¡¡plough¡¡whenever¡¡the¡¡land¡¡was¡¡
cultivated¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡after¡¡a¡¡time¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡fine¡¡earth¡¡
will¡¡thus¡¡have¡¡been¡¡accumulated¡¡than¡¡could¡¡be¡¡reached¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
plough£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡bed¡¡like¡¡the¡¡25¡£5¡­inch¡¡mass£»¡¡in¡¡Fig¡£¡¡14£»¡¡will¡¡have¡¡
been¡¡formed¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡superficial¡¡mould£»¡¡which¡¡latter¡¡will¡¡have¡¡
been¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡within¡¡more¡¡recent¡¡times£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
well¡¡sifted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡worms¡£

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in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡¡century£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡before¡¡this¡¡date£»¡¡
and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡destroyed£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Wright£»¡¡probably¡¡between¡¡the¡¡
middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡and¡¡fifth¡¡century¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡inhabitants¡¡were¡¡
massacred£»¡¡and¡¡skeletons¡¡of¡¡women¡¡were¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hypocausts¡£¡¡¡¡
Before¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1859£»¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡remnant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡¡above¡¡ground£»¡¡
was¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡massive¡¡wall¡¡about¡¡20¡¡ft¡£¡¡in¡¡height¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡
surrounding¡¡land¡¡undulates¡¡slightly£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡long¡¡been¡¡under¡¡
cultivation¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡noticed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡corn¡­crops¡¡ripened¡¡
prematurely¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡narrow¡¡lines£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡snow¡¡remained¡¡
unmelted¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡places¡¡longer¡¡than¡¡in¡¡others¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡
appearances¡¡led£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡was¡¡informed£»¡¡to¡¡extensive¡¡excavations¡¡being¡¡
undertaken¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡foundations¡¡of¡¡many¡¡large¡¡buildings¡¡and¡¡several¡¡
streets¡¡have¡¡thus¡¡been¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡view¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡space¡¡enclosed¡¡within¡¡
the¡¡old¡¡walls¡¡is¡¡an¡¡irregular¡¡oval£»¡¡about¡¡1¡¡mile¡¡in¡¡length¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡stones¡¡or¡¡bricks¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡buildings¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
carried¡¡away£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡hypocausts£»¡¡baths£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡underground¡¡
buildings¡¡were¡¡found¡¡tolerably¡¡perfect£»¡¡being¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡stones£»¡¡
broken¡¡tiles£»¡¡rubbish¡¡and¡¡soil¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡old¡¡floors¡¡of¡¡various¡¡rooms¡¡
were¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡rubble¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡I¡¡was¡¡anxious¡¡to¡¡know¡¡how¡¡thick¡¡the¡¡
mantle¡¡of¡¡mould¡¡and¡¡rubbish¡¡was£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡so¡¡long¡¡concealed¡¡these¡¡
ruins£»¡¡I¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡Dr¡£¡¡H¡£¡¡Johnson£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡superintended¡¡the¡¡
excavations£»¡¡and¡¡he£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡kindness£»¡¡twice¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡
place¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡it¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡my¡¡questions£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡many¡¡
trenches¡¡dug¡¡in¡¡four¡¡fields¡¡which¡¡had¡¡hitherto¡¡been¡¡undisturbed¡£¡¡¡¡
The¡¡results¡¡of¡¡his¡¡observations¡¡are¡¡given¡¡in¡¡the¡¡following¡¡Table¡£¡¡¡¡
He¡¡also¡¡sent¡¡me¡¡specimens¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mould£»¡¡and¡¡answered£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡he¡¡
could£»¡¡all¡¡my¡¡questions¡£


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2¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡33¡¡inches¡¡concrete¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨21£©

3¡£¡¡At¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡9¡¡inches¡¡concrete¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨9£©

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7¡£¡¡¡¡Near¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨24£©

8¡£¡¡¡¡Near¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡at¡¡one¡¡end¡¡39¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡the¡¡
mould¡¡here¡¡graduated¡¡into¡¡the¡¡underlying¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡
thickness¡¡£¨24¡¡inches£©¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡arbitrary¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡trench£»¡¡a¡¡causeway¡¡was¡¡encountered¡¡at¡¡a¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡only¡¡7¡¡inches£»¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡was¡¡here¡¡only¡¡7¡¡inches¡¡thick¡¡£¨24£©

9¡£¡¡¡¡Trench¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡last£»¡¡28¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡depth¡¡£¨24£©

10¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡30¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨15£©

11¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡31¡¡inches¡¡deep¡¡£¨17£©

12¡£¡¡¡¡Lower¡¡part¡¡of¡¡same¡¡field£»¡¡trench¡¡36¡¡inches¡¡deep£»¡¡at¡¡which¡¡
depth¡¡undisturbed¡¡sand¡¡was¡¡reached¡¡£¨28£©

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