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calculated¡¡to¡¡yield¡¡annually¡¡per¡¡acre¡¡18¡£12¡¡tons¡£

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two¡¡last¡¡cases¡¡in¡¡the¡¡above¡¡summary£»¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dried¡¡
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surface£»¡¡I¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡how¡¡thick¡¡a¡¡layer¡¡of¡¡ordinary¡¡mould¡¡this¡¡
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inch¡¡in¡¡thickness¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡collected¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡
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thickness£»

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Therefore¡¡the¡¡above¡¡calculated¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡layer£»¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡castings¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Terrace£»¡¡after¡¡being¡¡damped¡¡and¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡a¡¡
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the¡¡layer¡¡to¡¡0¡£09¡¡of¡¡an¡¡inch£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡a¡¡layer¡¡0¡£9¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡thickness¡¡
would¡¡be¡¡formed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡ten¡¡years¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡the¡¡same¡¡principle¡¡
the¡¡castings¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡would¡¡make¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡
year¡¡a¡¡layer¡¡0¡£1429¡¡inch£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡10¡¡years¡¡1¡£429¡¡inch£»¡¡
in¡¡thickness¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡may¡¡say¡¡in¡¡round¡¡numbers¡¡that¡¡the¡¡thickness¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡former¡¡case¡¡would¡¡amount¡¡to¡¡nearly¡¡1¡¡inch£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡
case¡¡to¡¡nearly¡¡1¡£5¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡10¡¡years¡£

In¡¡order¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡these¡¡results¡¡with¡¡those¡¡deduced¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rates¡¡
at¡¡which¡¡small¡¡objects¡¡left¡¡on¡¡the¡¡surfaces¡¡of¡¡grass¡­fields¡¡become¡¡
buried¡¡£¨as¡¡described¡¡in¡¡the¡¡early¡¡part¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£©£»¡¡we¡¡will¡¡
give¡¡the¡¡following¡¡summary£º¡­


SUMMARY¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡THICKNESS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡MOULD¡¡ACCUMULATED¡¡OVER¡¡OBJECTS¡¡LEFT¡¡
STREWED¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡SURFACE£»¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡COURSE¡¡OF¡¡TEN¡¡YEARS¡£


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dry£»¡¡sandy£»¡¡grass¡­field¡¡near¡¡Maer¡¡Hall£»¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡2¡£2¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡
10¡¡years¡£

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Hall£»¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡nearly¡¡1¡£9¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡10¡¡years¡£

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Hall¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡2¡£1¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡10¡¡years¡£

The¡¡accumulation¡¡during¡¡29¡¡years£»¡¡on¡¡good£»¡¡argillaceous¡¡pasture¡­
land¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Chalk¡¡at¡¡Down£»¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡2¡£2¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡10¡¡years¡£

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Chalk¡¡at¡¡Down£»¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡being¡¡argillaceous£»¡¡very¡¡poor£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡
just¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡pasture¡¡£¨so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡for¡¡some¡¡years¡¡
unfavourable¡¡for¡¡worms£©£»¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡0¡£83¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡10¡¡years¡£


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of¡¡earth¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡during¡¡10¡¡years¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡greater¡¡
than¡¡that¡¡calculated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡castings¡¡which¡¡were¡¡actually¡¡weighed¡£¡¡¡¡
This¡¡excess¡¡may¡¡be¡¡partly¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡by¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡which¡¡the¡¡
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agencies¡¡which¡¡in¡¡all¡¡ordinary¡¡cases¡¡add¡¡to¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡mould£»¡¡
and¡¡which¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡included¡¡in¡¡the¡¡castings¡¡that¡¡were¡¡
collected£»¡¡namely£»¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡earth¡¡brought¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡by¡¡
burrowing¡¡larvae¡¡and¡¡insects£»¡¡especially¡¡by¡¡ants¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡earth¡¡
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from¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡dry¡¡countries£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡the¡¡wind¡¡plays¡¡an¡¡important¡¡
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England¡¡it¡¡must¡¡add¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mould¡¡on¡¡fields¡¡near¡¡great¡¡roads¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡
in¡¡our¡¡country¡¡these¡¡latter¡¡several¡¡agencies¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡quite¡¡
subordinate¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡worms¡£

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full¡­sized¡¡worm¡¡ejects¡¡during¡¡a¡¡year¡£¡¡¡¡Hensen¡¡estimates¡¡that¡¡53£»767¡¡
worms¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡an¡¡acre¡¡of¡¡land£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡founded¡¡on¡¡the¡¡number¡¡
found¡¡in¡¡gardens£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡believes¡¡that¡¡only¡¡about¡¡half¡¡as¡¡many¡¡live¡¡
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such¡¡land£»¡¡then¡¡taking¡¡from¡¡the¡¡previous¡¡summary¡¡15¡¡tons¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
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mouth¡¡of¡¡a¡¡single¡¡burrow¡¡often¡¡exceeds£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡an¡¡ounce¡¡
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ounces£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡infer¡¡that¡¡the¡¡worms¡¡which¡¡live¡¡in¡¡an¡¡acre¡¡of¡¡
pasture¡¡land¡¡must¡¡be¡¡less¡¡than¡¡26£»886¡¡in¡¡number¡£

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4¡¡or¡¡5¡¡to¡¡10¡¡and¡¡even¡¡12¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡thickness£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡this¡¡mould¡¡
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subsoil¡¡to¡¡a¡¡much¡¡greater¡¡depth£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡such¡¡occasions¡¡they¡¡bring¡¡
up¡¡earth¡¡from¡¡this¡¡greater¡¡depth£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡process¡¡has¡¡gone¡¡on¡¡for¡¡
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opposing¡¡agencies¡¡at¡¡work¡¡which¡¡carry¡¡away¡¡to¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡level¡¡some¡¡of¡¡
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by¡¡worms¡£¡¡¡¡How¡¡great¡¡a¡¡thickness¡¡vegetable¡¡mould¡¡ever¡¡attains£»¡¡I¡¡
have¡¡not¡¡had¡¡good¡¡opportunities¡¡for¡¡observing£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡next¡¡
chapter£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡burial¡¡of¡¡ancient¡¡buildings£»¡¡some¡¡
facts¡¡will¡¡be¡¡given¡¡on¡¡this¡¡head¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡two¡¡last¡¡chapters¡¡we¡¡
shall¡¡see¡¡that¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡is¡¡actually¡¡increased£»¡¡though¡¡only¡¡to¡¡a¡¡
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with¡¡vegetable¡¡debris£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡saturate¡¡it¡¡with¡¡their¡¡intestinal¡¡
secretions¡£

Finally£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡who¡¡considers¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡given¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chapteron¡¡
the¡¡burying¡¡of¡¡small¡¡objects¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡sinking¡¡of¡¡great¡¡stones¡¡
left¡¡on¡¡the¡¡surfaceon¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡number¡¡of¡¡worms¡¡which¡¡live¡¡within¡¡
a¡¡moderate¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡ground¡¡on¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡castings¡¡ejected¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡burrowon¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
castings¡¡ejected¡¡within¡¡a¡¡known¡¡time¡¡on¡¡a¡¡measured¡¡spacewill¡¡
hereafter£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡worms¡¡play¡¡an¡¡important¡¡part¡¡in¡¡
nature¡£



CHAPTER¡¡IVTHE¡¡PART¡¡WHICH¡¡WORMS¡¡HAVE¡¡PLAYED¡¡IN¡¡THE¡¡BURIAL¡¡OF¡¡
ANCIENT¡¡BUILDINGS¡£



The¡¡accumulation¡¡of¡¡rubbish¡¡on¡¡the¡¡sites¡¡of¡¡great¡¡cities¡¡
independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡action¡¡of¡¡wormsThe¡¡burial¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Roman¡¡villa¡¡at¡¡
AbingerThe¡¡floors¡¡and¡¡walls¡¡penetrated¡¡by¡¡wormsSubsidence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
modern¡¡pavementThe¡¡buried¡¡pavement¡¡at¡¡Beaulieu¡¡AbbeyRoman¡¡
villas¡¡at¡¡Chedworth¡¡and¡¡BradingThe¡¡remains¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡town¡¡at¡¡
SilchesterThe¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡debris¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡remains¡¡are¡¡
coveredThe¡¡penetration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tesselated¡¡floors¡¡and¡¡walls¡¡by¡¡
wormsSubsidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡floorsThickness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mouldThe¡¡old¡¡
Roman¡¡city¡¡of¡¡WroxeterThickness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mouldDepth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
foundations¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Buil

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