Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the formation of vegetable mould >

µÚ10½Ú

the formation of vegetable mould-µÚ10½Ú

С˵£º the formation of vegetable mould ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



different£»¡¡for¡¡out¡¡of¡¡42¡¡leaves¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡the¡¡burrows£»¡¡no¡¡less¡¡
than¡¡i6¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tips¡¡of¡¡the¡¡needles¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡worms£»¡¡
however£»¡¡worked¡¡in¡¡a¡¡careless¡¡or¡¡slovenly¡¡manner£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡
were¡¡often¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡to¡¡only¡¡a¡¡small¡¡depth£»¡¡sometimes¡¡they¡¡were¡¡
merely¡¡heaped¡¡over¡¡the¡¡mouths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡burrows£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡none¡¡
were¡¡drawn¡¡in¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡this¡¡carelessness¡¡may¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡
for¡¡either¡¡by¡¡the¡¡warmth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡its¡¡dampness£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
pots¡¡were¡¡covered¡¡by¡¡glass¡¡plates£»¡¡the¡¡worms¡¡consequently¡¡did¡¡not¡¡
care¡¡about¡¡plugging¡¡up¡¡their¡¡holes¡¡effectually¡£¡¡¡¡Pots¡¡tenanted¡¡by¡¡
worms¡¡and¡¡covered¡¡with¡¡a¡¡net¡¡which¡¡allowed¡¡the¡¡free¡¡entrance¡¡of¡¡
air£»¡¡were¡¡left¡¡out¡¡of¡¡doors¡¡for¡¡several¡¡nights£»¡¡and¡¡now¡¡72¡¡leaves¡¡
were¡¡all¡¡properly¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡their¡¡bases¡£

It¡¡might¡¡perhaps¡¡be¡¡inferred¡¡from¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡as¡¡yet¡¡given£»¡¡that¡¡
worms¡¡somehow¡¡gain¡¡a¡¡general¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡or¡¡structure¡¡of¡¡
pine¡­leaves£»¡¡and¡¡perceive¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡seize¡¡
the¡¡base¡¡where¡¡the¡¡two¡¡needles¡¡are¡¡conjoined¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡following¡¡
cases¡¡make¡¡this¡¡more¡¡than¡¡doubtful¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡tips¡¡of¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡
needles¡¡of¡¡P¡£¡¡austriaca¡¡were¡¡cemented¡¡together¡¡with¡¡shell¡­lac¡¡
dissolved¡¡in¡¡alcohol£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡kept¡¡for¡¡some¡¡days£»¡¡until£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡
believe£»¡¡all¡¡odour¡¡or¡¡taste¡¡had¡¡been¡¡lost£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡were¡¡then¡¡
scattered¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡where¡¡no¡¡pine¡­trees¡¡grew£»¡¡near¡¡burrows¡¡from¡¡
which¡¡the¡¡plugging¡¡had¡¡been¡¡removed¡£¡¡¡¡Such¡¡leaves¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡
drawn¡¡into¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡with¡¡equal¡¡ease¡¡by¡¡either¡¡end£»¡¡and¡¡judging¡¡
from¡¡analogy¡¡and¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡from¡¡the¡¡case¡¡presently¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
given¡¡of¡¡the¡¡petioles¡¡of¡¡Clematis¡¡montana£»¡¡I¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡the¡¡apex¡¡
would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡preferred¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡result¡¡was¡¡that¡¡out¡¡of¡¡121¡¡
leaves¡¡with¡¡the¡¡tips¡¡cemented£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡burrows£»¡¡108¡¡
were¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡their¡¡bases£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡13¡¡by¡¡their¡¡tips¡£¡¡¡¡Thinking¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡worms¡¡might¡¡possibly¡¡perceive¡¡and¡¡dislike¡¡the¡¡smell¡¡or¡¡
taste¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shell¡­lac£»¡¡though¡¡this¡¡was¡¡very¡¡improbable£»¡¡especially¡¡
after¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡had¡¡been¡¡left¡¡out¡¡during¡¡several¡¡nights£»¡¡the¡¡tips¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡needles¡¡of¡¡many¡¡leaves¡¡were¡¡tied¡¡together¡¡with¡¡fine¡¡thread¡£¡¡¡¡
Of¡¡leaves¡¡thus¡¡treated¡¡150¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡burrows123¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡
and¡¡27¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tied¡¡tips£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡between¡¡four¡¡land¡¡five¡¡times¡¡as¡¡
many¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡as¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tip¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡short¡¡cut¡­off¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thread¡¡with¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡tied£»¡¡may¡¡
have¡¡tempted¡¡the¡¡worms¡¡to¡¡drag¡¡in¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡proportional¡¡number¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡tips¡¡than¡¡when¡¡cement¡¡was¡¡used¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡with¡¡tied¡¡and¡¡
cemented¡¡tips¡¡taken¡¡together¡¡£¨271¡¡in¡¡number£©¡¡85¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡were¡¡
drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡and¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tips¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡may¡¡
therefore¡¡infer¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡divergence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡needles¡¡
which¡¡leads¡¡worms¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡almost¡¡invariably¡¡to¡¡drag¡¡
pine¡­leaves¡¡into¡¡their¡¡burrows¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡£¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡can¡¡it¡¡be¡¡the¡¡
sharpness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡points¡¡of¡¡the¡¡needles¡¡which¡¡determines¡¡them£»¡¡for£»¡¡
as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡many¡¡leaves¡¡with¡¡the¡¡points¡¡cut¡¡off¡¡were¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡
by¡¡their¡¡bases¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡are¡¡thus¡¡led¡¡to¡¡conclude£»¡¡that¡¡with¡¡pine¡­leaves¡¡
there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡something¡¡attractive¡¡to¡¡worms¡¡in¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡
notwithstanding¡¡that¡¡few¡¡ordinary¡¡leaves¡¡are¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡
or¡¡foot¡­stalk¡£

Petioles¡£We¡¡will¡¡now¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡the¡¡petioles¡¡or¡¡foot¡­stalks¡¡of¡¡
compound¡¡leaves£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡leaflets¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡off¡£¡¡¡¡Those¡¡from¡¡
Clematis¡¡montana£»¡¡which¡¡grew¡¡over¡¡a¡¡verandah£»¡¡were¡¡dragged¡¡early¡¡in¡¡
January¡¡in¡¡large¡¡numbers¡¡into¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡on¡¡an¡¡adjoining¡¡gravel¡­
walk£»¡¡lawn£»¡¡and¡¡flower¡­bed¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡petioles¡¡vary¡¡from¡¡2¡£5¡¡to¡¡4¡£5¡¡
inches¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡are¡¡rigid¡¡and¡¡of¡¡nearly¡¡uniform¡¡thickness£»¡¡except¡¡
close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡base¡¡where¡¡they¡¡thicken¡¡rather¡¡abruptly£»¡¡being¡¡here¡¡
about¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡thick¡¡as¡¡in¡¡any¡¡other¡¡part¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡apex¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡
pointed£»¡¡but¡¡soon¡¡withers¡¡and¡¡is¡¡then¡¡easily¡¡broken¡¡off¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡
petioles£»¡¡314¡¡were¡¡pulled¡¡out¡¡of¡¡burrows¡¡in¡¡the¡¡above¡¡specified¡¡
sites£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡found¡¡that¡¡76¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡
their¡¡tips£»¡¡and¡¡24¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡by¡¡their¡¡bases£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡those¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡tip¡¡were¡¡a¡¡little¡¡more¡¡than¡¡thrice¡¡as¡¡many¡¡as¡¡those¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡base¡£¡¡¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡those¡¡extracted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡well¡­beaten¡¡gravel¡­
walk¡¡were¡¡kept¡¡separate¡¡from¡¡the¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡these¡¡£¨59¡¡in¡¡
number£©¡¡nearly¡¡five¡¡times¡¡as¡¡many¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tip¡¡as¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡whereas¡¡of¡¡those¡¡extracted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡lawn¡¡and¡¡flower¡­
bed£»¡¡where¡¡from¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡yielding¡¡more¡¡easily£»¡¡less¡¡care¡¡would¡¡be¡¡
necessary¡¡in¡¡plugging¡¡up¡¡the¡¡burrows£»¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡those¡¡drawn¡¡
in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tip¡¡£¨130£©¡¡to¡¡those¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡£¨48£©¡¡was¡¡rather¡¡
less¡¡than¡¡three¡¡to¡¡one¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡these¡¡petioles¡¡had¡¡been¡¡dragged¡¡into¡¡
the¡¡burrows¡¡for¡¡plugging¡¡them¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡for¡¡food£»¡¡was¡¡manifest£»¡¡
as¡¡neither¡¡end£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡could¡¡see£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡gnawed¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡several¡¡
petioles¡¡are¡¡used¡¡to¡¡plug¡¡up¡¡the¡¡same¡¡burrow£»¡¡in¡¡one¡¡case¡¡as¡¡many¡¡
as¡¡10£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡another¡¡case¡¡as¡¡many¡¡as¡¡15£»¡¡the¡¡worms¡¡may¡¡perhaps¡¡at¡¡
first¡¡draw¡¡in¡¡a¡¡few¡¡by¡¡the¡¡thicker¡¡end¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡save¡¡labour£»¡¡but¡¡
afterwards¡¡a¡¡large¡¡majority¡¡are¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡pointed¡¡end£»¡¡in¡¡
order¡¡to¡¡plug¡¡up¡¡the¡¡hole¡¡securely¡£

The¡¡fallen¡¡petioles¡¡of¡¡our¡¡native¡¡ash¡­tree¡¡were¡¡next¡¡observed£»¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡rule¡¡with¡¡most¡¡objects£»¡¡viz¡££»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡large¡¡majority¡¡are¡¡dragged¡¡
into¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡by¡¡the¡¡more¡¡pointed¡¡end£»¡¡had¡¡not¡¡here¡¡been¡¡
followed£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡fact¡¡much¡¡surprised¡¡me¡¡at¡¡first¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡petioles¡¡
vary¡¡in¡¡length¡¡from¡¡5¡¡to¡¡8¡£5¡¡inches£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡thick¡¡and¡¡fleshy¡¡
towards¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡whence¡¡they¡¡taper¡¡gently¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡apex£»¡¡which¡¡
is¡¡a¡¡little¡¡enlarged¡¡and¡¡truncated¡¡where¡¡the¡¡terminal¡¡leaflet¡¡had¡¡
been¡¡originally¡¡attached¡£¡¡¡¡Under¡¡some¡¡ash¡­trees¡¡growing¡¡in¡¡a¡¡grass¡­
field£»¡¡229¡¡petioles¡¡were¡¡pulled¡¡out¡¡of¡¡worm¡¡burrows¡¡early¡¡in¡¡
January£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡these¡¡51¡£5¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡
and¡¡48¡£5¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡by¡¡the¡¡apex¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡anomaly¡¡was¡¡however¡¡readily¡¡
explained¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡thick¡¡basal¡¡part¡¡was¡¡examined£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡78¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡103¡¡petioles£»¡¡this¡¡part¡¡had¡¡been¡¡gnawed¡¡by¡¡worms£»¡¡just¡¡above¡¡
the¡¡horse¡­shoe¡¡shaped¡¡articulation¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡most¡¡cases¡¡there¡¡could¡¡be¡¡
no¡¡mistake¡¡about¡¡the¡¡gnawing£»¡¡for¡¡ungnawed¡¡petioles¡¡which¡¡were¡¡
examined¡¡after¡¡being¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡weather¡¡for¡¡eight¡¡additional¡¡
weeks¡¡had¡¡not¡¡become¡¡more¡¡disintegrated¡¡or¡¡decayed¡¡near¡¡the¡¡base¡¡
than¡¡elsewhere¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡evident¡¡that¡¡the¡¡thick¡¡basal¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
petiole¡¡is¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡not¡¡solely¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sake¡¡of¡¡plugging¡¡up¡¡the¡¡
mouths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡burrows£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡truncated¡¡tips¡¡
of¡¡some¡¡few¡¡petioles¡¡had¡¡been¡¡gnawed£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡¡in¡¡6¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡37¡¡which¡¡were¡¡examined¡¡for¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡¡¡Worms£»¡¡after¡¡
having¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡and¡¡gnawed¡¡the¡¡basal¡¡end£»¡¡often¡¡push¡¡the¡¡petioles¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡their¡¡burrows£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡drag¡¡in¡¡fresh¡¡ones£»¡¡either¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
base¡¡for¡¡food£»¡¡or¡¡by¡¡the¡¡apex¡¡for¡¡plugging¡¡up¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡more¡¡
effectually¡£¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡out¡¡of¡¡37¡¡petioles¡¡inserted¡¡by¡¡their¡¡tips£»¡¡5¡¡
had¡¡been¡¡previously¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡part¡¡had¡¡been¡¡
gnawed¡£¡¡¡¡Again£»¡¡I¡¡collected¡¡a¡¡handful¡¡of¡¡petioles¡¡lying¡¡loose¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡ground¡¡close¡¡to¡¡some¡¡plugged¡­up¡¡burrows£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡was¡¡
thickly¡¡strewed¡¡with¡¡other¡¡petioles¡¡which¡¡apparently¡¡had¡¡never¡¡been¡¡
touched¡¡by¡¡worms£»¡¡and¡¡14¡¡out¡¡of¡¡47¡¡£¨i¡£e¡£¡¡nearly¡¡one¡­third£©£»¡¡after¡¡
having¡¡had¡¡their¡¡bases¡¡gnawed¡¡had¡¡been¡¡pushed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡
and¡¡were¡¡now¡¡lying¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡these¡¡several¡¡facts¡¡we¡¡may¡¡
conclude¡¡that¡¡worms¡¡draw¡¡in¡¡some¡¡petioles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ash¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base¡¡to¡¡
serve¡¡as¡¡food£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tip¡¡to¡¡plug¡¡up¡¡the¡¡mouths¡¡of¡¡their¡¡
burrows¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡efficient¡¡manner¡£

The¡¡petioles¡¡of¡¡Robinia¡¡pseudo¡­acacia¡¡vary¡¡from¡¡4¡¡or¡¡5¡¡to¡¡nearly¡¡12¡¡
inches¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡thick¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡base¡¡before¡¡the¡¡
softer¡¡parts¡¡have¡¡rotted¡¡off£»¡¡and¡¡taper¡¡much¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡end¡£¡¡¡¡
They¡¡are¡¡so¡¡flexible¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡some¡¡few¡¡doubled¡¡up¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡
drawn¡¡into¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡of¡¡worms¡£¡¡¡¡Unfortunately¡¡these¡¡petioles¡¡were¡¡
not¡¡examined¡¡until¡¡February£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡time¡¡the¡¡softer¡¡parts¡¡had¡¡
completely¡¡rotted¡¡off£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡ascertain¡¡
whether¡¡worms¡¡had¡¡gnawed¡¡the¡¡bases£»¡¡though¡¡this¡¡is¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡
probable¡£¡¡¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡121¡¡petioles¡¡extracted¡¡from¡¡burrows¡¡early¡¡in¡¡
February£»¡¡68¡¡were¡¡imbedded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡and¡¡53¡¡by¡¡the¡¡apex¡£¡¡¡¡On¡¡
February¡¡5¡¡all¡¡the¡¡petioles¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡the¡¡burrows¡¡
beneath¡¡a¡¡Robinia£»¡¡were¡¡pulled¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡after¡¡an¡¡interval¡¡of¡¡eleven¡¡
days£»¡¡35¡¡petioles¡¡had¡¡been¡¡again¡¡dragged¡¡in£»¡¡19¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡and¡¡16¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡apex¡£¡¡¡¡Taking¡¡these¡¡two¡¡lots¡¡together£»¡¡56¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡were¡¡
drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡the¡¡base£»¡¡and¡¡44¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡by¡¡the¡¡apex¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡all¡¡the¡¡
softer¡¡parts¡¡had¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡rotted¡¡off£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡feel¡¡sure£»¡¡especially¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡case£»¡¡that¡¡none¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡as¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡this¡¡
season£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡worms¡¡drag¡¡these¡¡petioles¡¡into¡¡their¡¡burrows¡¡
indifferently¡¡by¡¡either¡¡end£»¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡preference¡¡being¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
base¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡latter¡¡fact¡¡may¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡by¡¡the¡¡difficulty¡¡of¡¡
plugging¡¡up¡¡a¡¡burrow¡¡with¡¡objects¡¡so¡¡extremely¡¡thin¡¡as¡¡are¡¡the¡¡
upper¡¡ends¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡support¡¡of¡¡this¡¡view£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡stated¡¡that¡¡out¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡16¡¡petioles¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡in¡¡by¡¡their¡¡upper¡¡ends£»¡¡the¡¡
more¡¡attenuated¡¡terminal¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡7¡¡had¡¡been¡¡previously¡¡broken¡¡
off¡¡by¡¡some¡¡accident¡£

Triangles¡¡of¡¡paper¡£Elongated¡¡triangles¡¡were¡¡cut¡¡out¡¡of¡¡moderately¡¡
stiff¡¡writing¡­paper£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡rubbed¡¡with¡¡raw¡¡fat¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides£»¡¡
so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡becoming¡¡excessively¡¡limp¡¡when¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ