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С˵£º the great controversy ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



of¡¡Christ¡¡to¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡must¡¡expect¡¡death¡¡at¡¡every¡¡moment¡£¡¨Ibid¡££»¡¡b¡£¡¡4£»
ch¡£¡¡4¡£

The¡¡tidings¡¡of¡¡Luther's¡¡arrival¡¡at¡¡Augsburg¡¡gave¡¡great¡¡satisfaction¡¡to¡¡the
papal¡¡legate¡£¡¡The¡¡troublesome¡¡heretic¡¡who¡¡was¡¡exciting¡¡the¡¡attention¡¡of¡¡the
whole¡¡world¡¡seemed¡¡now¡¡in¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡legate¡¡determined¡¡that
he¡¡should¡¡not¡¡escape¡£¡¡The¡¡Reformer¡¡had¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡provide¡¡himself¡¡with¡¡a
safe¡­conduct¡£¡¡His¡¡friends¡¡urged¡¡him¡¡not¡¡to¡¡appear¡¡before¡¡the¡¡legate¡¡without
one£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡themselves¡¡undertook¡¡to¡¡procure¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡emperor¡£¡¡The
legate¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡force¡¡Luther£»¡¡if¡¡possible£»¡¡to¡¡retract£»¡¡or£»¡¡failing¡¡in
this£»¡¡to¡¡cause¡¡him¡¡to¡¡be¡¡conveyed¡¡to¡¡Rome£»¡¡to¡¡share¡¡the¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡Huss¡¡and
Jerome¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡through¡¡his¡¡agents¡¡he¡¡endeavored¡¡to¡¡induce¡¡Luther¡¡to
appear¡¡without¡¡a¡¡safe¡­conduct£»¡¡trusting¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡his¡¡mercy¡£¡¡This¡¡the
Reformer¡¡firmly¡¡declined¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¡Not¡¡until¡¡he¡¡had¡¡received¡¡the¡¡document
pledging¡¡him¡¡the¡¡emperor's¡¡protection£»¡¡did¡¡he¡¡appear¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the
papal¡¡ambassador¡£

As¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡policy£»¡¡the¡¡Romanists¡¡had¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡win¡¡Luther¡¡by
an¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡gentleness¡£¡¡The¡¡legate£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡interviews¡¡with¡¡him£»
professed¡¡great¡¡friendliness£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡demanded¡¡that¡¡Luther¡¡submit¡¡implicitly
to¡¡the¡¡authority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡and¡¡yield¡¡every¡¡point¡¡without¡¡argument¡¡or
question¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡not¡¡rightly¡¡estimated¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡man¡¡with¡¡whom¡¡he
had¡¡to¡¡deal¡£¡¡Luther£»¡¡in¡¡reply£»¡¡expressed¡¡his¡¡regard¡¡for¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡his
desire¡¡for

136

the¡¡truth£»¡¡his¡¡readiness¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡all¡¡objections¡¡to¡¡what¡¡he¡¡had¡¡taught£»¡¡and
to¡¡submit¡¡his¡¡doctrines¡¡to¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡leading¡¡universities¡£¡¡But
at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡he¡¡protested¡¡against¡¡the¡¡cardinal's¡¡course¡¡in¡¡requiring¡¡him
to¡¡retract¡¡without¡¡having¡¡proved¡¡him¡¡in¡¡error¡£

The¡¡only¡¡response¡¡was£º¡¡¡¨Retract£»¡¡retract£¡¡¨¡¡The¡¡Reformer¡¡showed¡¡that¡¡his
position¡¡was¡¡sustained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Scriptures¡¡and¡¡firmly¡¡declared¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could
not¡¡renounce¡¡the¡¡truth¡£¡¡The¡¡legate£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡reply¡¡to¡¡Luther's¡¡arguments£»
overwhelmed¡¡him¡¡with¡¡a¡¡storm¡¡of¡¡reproaches£»¡¡gibes£»¡¡and¡¡flattery£»
interspersed¡¡with¡¡quotations¡¡from¡¡tradition¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sayings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Fathers£»
granting¡¡the¡¡Reformer¡¡no¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡speak¡£¡¡Seeing¡¡that¡¡the¡¡conference£»
thus¡¡continued£»¡¡would¡¡be¡¡utterly¡¡futile£»¡¡Luther¡¡finally¡¡obtained¡¡a¡¡reluctant
permission¡¡to¡¡present¡¡his¡¡answer¡¡in¡¡writing¡£

¡¨In¡¡so¡¡doing£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡he£»¡¡writing¡¡to¡¡a¡¡friend£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡oppressed¡¡find¡¡double
gain£»¡¡first£»¡¡what¡¡is¡¡written¡¡may¡¡be¡¡submitted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡judgment¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡and
second£»¡¡one¡¡has¡¡a¡¡better¡¡chance¡¡of¡¡working¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fears£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡on¡¡the
conscience£»¡¡of¡¡an¡¡arrogant¡¡and¡¡babbling¡¡despot£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡otherwise
overpower¡¡by¡¡his¡¡imperious¡¡language¡£¡¨Martyn£»¡¡The¡¡Life¡¡and¡¡Times¡¡of¡¡Luther£»
pages¡¡271£»¡¡272¡£

At¡¡the¡¡next¡¡interview£»¡¡Luther¡¡presented¡¡a¡¡clear£»¡¡concise£»¡¡and¡¡forcible
exposition¡¡of¡¡his¡¡views£»¡¡fully¡¡supported¡¡by¡¡many¡¡quotations¡¡from¡¡Scripture¡£
This¡¡paper£»¡¡after¡¡reading¡¡aloud£»¡¡he¡¡handed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cardinal£»¡¡who£»¡¡however£»
cast¡¡it¡¡contemptuously¡¡aside£»¡¡declaring¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡idle¡¡words¡¡and
irrelevant¡¡quotations¡£¡¡Luther£»¡¡fully¡¡aroused£»¡¡now¡¡met¡¡the¡¡haughty¡¡prelate¡¡on
his¡¡own¡¡groundthe¡¡traditions¡¡and¡¡teachings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡churchand¡¡utterly
overthrew¡¡his¡¡assumptions¡£

When¡¡the¡¡prelate¡¡saw¡¡that¡¡Luther's¡¡reasoning¡¡was¡¡unanswerable£»¡¡he¡¡lost¡¡all
self¡­control£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡rage¡¡cried¡¡out£º¡¡¡¨Retract£¡¡¡or¡¡I¡¡will¡¡send¡¡you¡¡to¡¡Rome£»
there¡¡to¡¡appear¡¡before¡¡the¡¡judges¡¡commissioned¡¡to¡¡take¡¡cognizance¡¡of¡¡your
cause¡£¡¡I¡¡will¡¡excommunicate¡¡you¡¡and¡¡all¡¡your¡¡partisans£»¡¡and¡¡all

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡137

who¡¡shall¡¡at¡¡any¡¡time¡¡countenance¡¡you£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡cast¡¡them¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the
church¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡he¡¡finally¡¡declared£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡haughty¡¡and¡¡angry¡¡tone£º¡¡¡¨Retract£»¡¡or
return¡¡no¡¡more¡£¡¨D'Aubigne£»¡¡London¡¡ed¡££»¡¡b¡£¡¡4£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡8¡£

The¡¡Reformer¡¡promptly¡¡withdrew¡¡with¡¡his¡¡friends£»¡¡thus¡¡declaring¡¡plainly¡¡that
no¡¡retraction¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡from¡¡him¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡not¡¡what¡¡the¡¡cardinal
had¡¡purposed¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡flattered¡¡himself¡¡that¡¡by¡¡violence¡¡he¡¡could¡¡awe¡¡Luther
to¡¡submission¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡left¡¡alone¡¡with¡¡his¡¡supporters£»¡¡he¡¡looked¡¡from¡¡one¡¡to
another¡¡in¡¡utter¡¡chagrin¡¡at¡¡the¡¡unexpected¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡his¡¡schemes¡£

Luther's¡¡efforts¡¡on¡¡this¡¡occasion¡¡were¡¡not¡¡without¡¡good¡¡results¡£¡¡The¡¡large
assembly¡¡present¡¡had¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡the¡¡two¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡judge¡¡for
themselves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡manifested¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡and
truthfulness¡¡of¡¡their¡¡positions¡£¡¡How¡¡marked¡¡the¡¡contrast£¡¡¡The¡¡Reformer£»
simple£»¡¡humble£»¡¡firm£»¡¡stood¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡having¡¡truth¡¡on¡¡his
side£»¡¡the¡¡pope's¡¡representative£»¡¡self¡­important£»¡¡overbearing£»¡¡haughty£»¡¡and
unreasonable£»¡¡was¡¡without¡¡a¡¡single¡¡argument¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Scriptures£»¡¡yet
vehemently¡¡crying£º¡¡¡¨Retract£»¡¡or¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Rome¡¡for¡¡punishment¡£¡¨

Notwithstanding¡¡Luther¡¡had¡¡secured¡¡a¡¡safe¡­conduct£»¡¡the¡¡Romanists¡¡were
plotting¡¡to¡¡seize¡¡and¡¡imprison¡¡him¡£¡¡His¡¡friends¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡useless
for¡¡him¡¡to¡¡prolong¡¡his¡¡stay£»¡¡he¡¡should¡¡return¡¡to¡¡Wittenberg¡¡without¡¡delay£»
and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡caution¡¡should¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡conceal¡¡his
intentions¡£¡¡He¡¡accordingly¡¡left¡¡Augsburg¡¡before¡¡day¡­break£»¡¡on¡¡horseback£»
accompanied¡¡only¡¡by¡¡a¡¡guide¡¡furnished¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡magistrate¡£¡¡With¡¡many
forebodings¡¡he¡¡secretly¡¡made¡¡his¡¡way¡¡through¡¡the¡¡dark¡¡and¡¡silent¡¡streets¡¡of
the¡¡city¡£¡¡Enemies£»¡¡vigilant¡¡and¡¡cruel£»¡¡were¡¡plotting¡¡his¡¡destruction¡£¡¡Would
he¡¡escape¡¡the¡¡snares¡¡prepared¡¡for¡¡him£¿¡¡Those¡¡were¡¡moments¡¡of¡¡anxiety¡¡and
earnest¡¡prayer¡£¡¡He¡¡reached¡¡a¡¡small¡¡gate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city¡£¡¡It¡¡was
opened¡¡for¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡his¡¡guide¡¡he¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡without¡¡hindrance¡£¡¡Once
safely¡¡outside£»¡¡the¡¡fugitives¡¡hastened¡¡their¡¡flight£»¡¡and¡¡before

138

the¡¡legate¡¡learned¡¡of¡¡Luther's¡¡departure£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡reach¡¡of¡¡his
persecutors¡£¡¡Satan¡¡and¡¡his¡¡emissaries¡¡were¡¡defeated¡£¡¡The¡¡man¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡had
thought¡¡in¡¡their¡¡power¡¡was¡¡gone£»¡¡escaped¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bird¡¡from¡¡the¡¡snare¡¡of¡¡the
fowler¡£

At¡¡the¡¡news¡¡of¡¡Luther's¡¡escape¡¡the¡¡legate¡¡was¡¡overwhelmed¡¡with¡¡surprise¡¡and
anger¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡great¡¡honor¡¡for¡¡his¡¡wisdom¡¡and¡¡firmness¡¡in
dealing¡¡with¡¡this¡¡disturber¡¡of¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡hope¡¡was¡¡disappointed¡£¡¡He
gave¡¡expression¡¡to¡¡his¡¡wrath¡¡in¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡to¡¡Frederick£»¡¡the¡¡elector¡¡of
Saxony£»¡¡bitterly¡¡denouncing¡¡Luther¡¡and¡¡demanding¡¡that¡¡Frederick¡¡send¡¡the
Reformer¡¡to¡¡Rome¡¡or¡¡banish¡¡him¡¡from¡¡Saxony¡£

In¡¡defense£»¡¡Luther¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡the¡¡legate¡¡or¡¡the¡¡pope¡¡show¡¡him¡¡his¡¡errors
from¡¡the¡¡Scriptures£»¡¡and¡¡pledged¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡solemn¡¡manner¡¡to
renounce¡¡his¡¡doctrines¡¡if¡¡they¡¡could¡¡be¡¡shown¡¡to¡¡contradict¡¡the¡¡word¡¡of¡¡God¡£
And¡¡he¡¡expressed¡¡his¡¡gratitude¡¡to¡¡God¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡been¡¡counted¡¡worthy¡¡to
suffer¡¡in¡¡so¡¡holy¡¡a¡¡cause¡£

The¡¡elector¡¡had£»¡¡as¡¡yet£»¡¡little¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reformed¡¡doctrines£»¡¡but¡¡he
was¡¡deeply¡¡impressed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡candor£»¡¡force£»¡¡and¡¡clearness¡¡of¡¡Luther's¡¡words£»
and¡¡until¡¡the¡¡Reformer¡¡should¡¡be¡¡proved¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡error£»¡¡Frederick¡¡resolved
to¡¡stand¡¡as¡¡his¡¡protector¡£¡¡In¡¡reply¡¡to¡¡the¡¡legate's¡¡demand¡¡he¡¡wrote£º¡¡¡¨Since
Dr¡£¡¡Martin¡¡has¡¡appeared¡¡before¡¡you¡¡at¡¡Augsburg£»¡¡you¡¡should¡¡be¡¡satisfied¡£¡¡We
did¡¡not¡¡expect¡¡that¡¡you¡¡would¡¡endeavor¡¡to¡¡make¡¡him¡¡retract¡¡without¡¡having
convinced¡¡him¡¡of¡¡his¡¡errors¡£¡¡None¡¡of¡¡the¡¡learned¡¡men¡¡in¡¡our¡¡principality
have¡¡informed¡¡me¡¡that¡¡Martin's¡¡doctrine¡¡is¡¡impious£»¡¡anti¡­christian£»¡¡or
heretical¡£'¡¡The¡¡prince¡¡refused£»¡¡moreover£»¡¡to¡¡send¡¡Luther¡¡to¡¡Rome£»¡¡or¡¡to
expel¡¡him¡¡from¡¡his¡¡states¡£¡¨¡¡D'Aubigne£»¡¡b¡£¡¡4£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡10¡£

The¡¡elector¡¡saw¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡general¡¡breaking¡¡down¡¡of¡¡the¡¡moral
restraints¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡A¡¡great¡¡work¡¡of¡¡reform¡¡was¡¡needed¡£¡¡The¡¡complicated
and¡¡expensive¡¡arrangements¡¡to¡¡restrain¡¡and¡¡punish¡¡crime¡¡would¡¡be¡¡unnecessary
if¡¡men¡¡but¡¡acknowledged¡¡and¡¡obeyed¡¡the¡¡requirements¡¡of¡¡God¡¡and¡¡the¡¡dictates
of¡¡an¡¡enlightened¡¡conscience¡£¡¡He¡¡saw¡¡that

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡139

Luther¡¡was¡¡laboring¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡this¡¡object£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡secretly¡¡rejoiced¡¡that¡¡a
better¡¡influence¡¡was¡¡making¡¡itself¡¡felt¡¡in¡¡the¡¡church¡£

He¡¡saw¡¡also¡¡that¡¡as¡¡a¡¡professor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡university¡¡Luther¡¡was¡¡eminently
successful¡£¡¡Only¡¡a¡¡year¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡since¡¡the¡¡Reformer¡¡posted¡¡his¡¡theses¡¡on
the¡¡castle¡¡church£»¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡was¡¡already¡¡a¡¡great¡¡falling¡¡off¡¡in¡¡the¡¡number
of¡¡pilgrims¡¡that¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡church¡¡at¡¡the¡¡festival¡¡of¡¡All¡¡Saints¡£¡¡Rome¡¡had
been¡¡deprived¡¡of¡¡worshipers¡¡and¡¡offerings£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡place¡¡was¡¡filled¡¡by
another¡¡class£»¡¡who¡¡now¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Wittenberg£»¡¡not¡¡pilgrims¡¡to¡¡adore¡¡her¡¡relics£»
but¡¡students¡¡to¡¡fill¡¡her¡¡halls¡¡of¡¡learning¡£¡¡The¡¡writings¡¡of¡¡Luther¡¡had
kindled¡¡everywhere¡¡a¡¡new¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Holy¡¡Scriptures£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡only¡¡from
all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Germany£»¡¡but¡¡from¡¡other¡¡lands£»¡¡students¡¡flocked¡¡to¡¡the
university¡£¡¡Young¡¡men£»¡¡coming¡¡in¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡Wittenberg¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time£»
¡¨raised¡¡their¡¡hands¡¡to¡¡heaven£»¡¡and¡¡praised¡¡God¡¡for¡¡having¡¡caused¡¡the¡¡light
of¡¡truth¡¡to¡¡shine¡¡forth¡¡from¡¡this¡¡city£»¡¡as¡¡from¡¡Zion¡¡in¡¡times¡¡of¡¡old£»¡¡and
whence¡¡it¡¡spread¡¡even¡¡to¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distant¡¡countries¡£¡¨Ibid¡££»¡¡b¡£¡¡4£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡10¡£

Luther¡¡was¡¡as¡¡yet¡¡but¡¡partially¡¡converted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡errors¡¡of¡¡Romanism¡£¡¡But
as¡¡he¡¡compared¡¡the¡¡Holy¡¡Oracles¡¡with¡¡the¡¡papal¡¡decrees¡¡and¡¡constitutions£»¡¡he
was¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡wonder¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡reading£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡wrote£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡decrees¡¡of¡¡the
pontiffs£»¡¡and¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡pope¡¡is¡¡antichrist¡¡himself£»¡¡or
his¡¡apostle£»¡¡so¡¡greatly¡¡is¡¡Christ¡¡misrepresented¡¡and¡¡crucified¡¡in
them¡£¡¨Ibid¡££»¡¡b¡£¡¡5£»¡¡ch¡£¡¡1¡£¡¡Yet¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡Luther¡¡was¡¡still¡¡a¡¡supporter¡¡of

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