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madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及50准

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sloping   eastward�察  �the   way   we   are   going�察  �and   each   new   rock   or   soil   we 

come to lies on the top of the one before it。            Now we shall run down hill 

for many  a   mile�察 �down the   back of   the oolites�察 �past pretty  Chippenham�察�

and Wootton´Bassett�察�towards Swindon spire。                Look at the country�察�child�察�

and thank God for this fair English land�察�in which your lot is cast。 

     What   beautiful   green   fields�察  �and   such   huge   elm   trees�察  �and   orchards�察�

and flowers in the cottage gardens� �

     Ay�察�and what crops�察�too�此       �what wheat and beans�察�turnips and mangold。 

All this land is very rich and easily worked�察�and hereabouts is some of the 

best   farming   in   England。      The   Agricultural   College   at   Cirencester�察  �of 

which you have so often heard�察�lies thereaway�察�a few miles to our left�察�and 

there lads go to learn to farm as no men in the world�察�save English and 

Scotch�察�know how to farm。 

     But what rock are we on now�拭�

     On   rock   that   is   much   softer   than that   on the   other  side   of the  oolite 

hills�此  �much      softer�察 �because    it  is  much   newer。     We    have    got  off  the 

oolites on to what is called the Oxford clay�察�and then�察�I believe�察�on to the 



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Coral rag�察�and on that again lies what we are coming to now。                 Do you see 

the red sand in that field�拭�

     Then that is the lowest layer of a fresh world�察�so to speak�察�a world still 

younger than the oolitesthe chalk world。 

     But that is not chalk�察�or anything like it。 

     No�察�that is what is called Greensand。 

     But it is not green�察�it is red。 

     I know�此    �but years ago it got the name from one green vein in it�察�in 

which the ;Coprolites�察─�as you learnt to call them at Cambridge�察�are found�察�

and   that�察  �and   a   little   layer   of   blue   clay�察  �called   gault�察  �between   the   upper 

Greensand and lower Greensand�察�runs along everywhere at the foot of the 

chalk hills。 

     I see the hills now。     Are they chalk�拭�

     Yes�察�chalk they are�此      �so we may begin to feel near home now。                See 

how   they   range   away   to   the   south   toward   Devizes�察  �and   Westbury�察  �and 

Warminster�察�a goodly land and large。             At their feet�察�everywhere�察�run the 

rich pastures on which the Wiltshire cheese is made�察�and here and there�察�as 

at   Westbury�察   �there   is  good   iron´ore    in  the  greensand�察    �which    is  being 

smelted now�察�as it used to be in the Weald of Surrey and Kent ages since。 

I must tell you about that some other time。 

     But are there Coprolites here�拭�

     I believe there are�此     �I know there are some at Swindon�察�and I do not 

see why they should not be found�察�here and there�察�all the way along the 

foot of the downs�察�from here to Cambridge。 

     But do these downs go to Cambridge�拭�

     Of course they do。        We are now in the great valley which runs right 

across     England     from    south´west      to  north´east�察   �from    Axminster       in 

Devonshire to Hunstanton in Norfolk�察�with the chalk always on your right 

hand�察�and the oolite hills on your left�察�till it ends by sinking into the sea�察�

among the fens of Lincolnshire and Norfolk。 

     But what made that great valley�拭�

     I am not learned enough to tell。          Only this I think we can say that 

once on a time these chalk downs on our right reached high over our heads 

here�察�and far to the north�察�and that Madam How pared them away�察�whether 



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by icebergs�察�or by sea´waves�察�or merely by rain�察�I cannot tell。 

     Well�察�those downs do look very like sea´cliffs。 

     So they do�察�very like an old shore´line。             Be that as it may�察�after the 

chalk was eaten away�察�Madam How began digging into the soils below the 

chalk�察�on which we are now�察�and because they were mostly soft clays�察�she 

cut them out very easily�察�till she came down�察�or nearly down�察�to the harder 

freestone rocks which run along on our left hand�察�miles away�察�and so she 

scooped out this great vale�察�which we call here the Vale of White Horse�察�

and   further   on�察  �the   Vale   of Aylesbury�察  �and   then   the   Bedford   Level�察  �and 

then the dear ugly old Fens。 

     Is this the Vale of White Horse�拭         �Oh�察�I know about it�察�I have read The 

Scouring of the White Horse。 

     Of   course   you   have�察  �and   when   you   are   older   you   will   read   a   jollier 

book     still��Tom    Brown's      School    Daysand      when     we    have    passed 

Swindon�察�we shall see some of the very places described in it�察�close on our 

right。 

     * * * 

     There is the White Horse Hill。 

     The White Horse Hill�拭          �But where is the horse�拭         �I can see a bit of 

him�此    �but   he   does   not   look   like   a   horse   from   here�察  �or   indeed   from   any 

other place�察�he is a very old horse indeed�察�and a thousand years of wind 

and rain have spoilt his anatomy a good deal on the top of that wild down。 

     And is that really where Alfred fought the Danes�拭�

     As certainly�察�boy�察�I believe�察�as that Waterloo is where the Duke fought 

Napoleon。       Yes�此   �you may well stare at it with all your eyes�察�the noble 

down。      It is one of the most sacred spots on English soil。 

     Ah�察�it is gone now。       The train runs so fast。 

     So it does�察�too fast to let you look long at one thing�此            �but in return�察�it 

lets   you   see   so   many   more   things   in   a   given   time   than   the   slow   old 

coaches and posters did。Well�拭�what is it�拭�

     I wanted to ask you a question�察�but you won't listen to me。 

     Won't I�拭    �I suppose I was dreaming with my eyes open。                  You see�察�I 

have   been   so   often   along   this   lineand   through   this   country�察  �too�察  �long 

before the line was madethat I cannot pass it without its seeming full of 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



memoriesperhaps of ghosts。 

     Of real ghosts�拭�

     As   real   ghosts�察  �I   suspect�察  �as   any   one   on   earth   ever   saw�察  �faces   and 

scenes which have printed themselves so deeply on one's brain�察�that when 

one   passes   the   same   place�察  �long   years   after�察  �they   start   up   again�察  �out   of 

fields   and   roadsides�察  �as   if   they   were   alive   once   more�察  �and   need   sound 

sense to send them back again into their place as things which are past for 

ever�察�for good and ill。       But what did you want to know�拭�

     Why�察�I am so tired of looking out of the window。                 It is all the same�此�

fields and hedges�察�hedges and fields�察�and I want to talk。 

     Fields and hedges�察�hedges and fields�拭             �Peace and plenty�察�plenty and 

peace。     However�察  �it   may   seem   dull�察  �now   that   the   grass   is   cut�察  �but   you 

would not have said so two months ago�察�when the fields were all golden´ 

green   with   buttercups�察  �and   the   whitethorn   hedges   like   crested   waves   of 

snow。     I should like to take a foreigner down the Vale of Berkshire in the 

end of May�察�and ask him what he thought of old England。                   But what shall 

we talk about�拭�

     I want to know about Coprolites�察�if they dig them here�察�as they do at 

Cambridge。 

     I don't think they do。      But I suspect they will some day。 

     But why do people dig them�拭�

     Because they are rational men�察�and want manure for their fields。 

     But what are Coprolites�拭�

     Well�察  �they   were   called   Coprolites   at   first   because   some   folk   fancied 

they were the leavings of fossil animals�察�such as you may really find in the 

lias at Lynn in Dorsetshire。         But they are not that�察�and all we can say is�察�

that   a   long   time   ago�察  �before   the   chalk   began   to   be   made�察  �there   was   a 

shallow   sea   in   England�察  �the   shore   of   which   was   so   covered   with   dead 

animals�察�that the bone´ earth ��the phosphate of lime�� out of them crusted 

itself round every bone�察�and shell�察�and dead sea´beast on the shore�察�and got 

covered up with fresh sand�察�and buried for ages as a mine of wealth。 

     But how many millions of dead creatures�察�there must have been� �What 

killed them�拭�

     We do not know。        No more do we know how it comes to pass that this 



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                                MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



thin band ��often only a few inches thick�� of dead creatures should stretch 

all   the  way    from    Dorsetshire     to  Norfolk�察   �and�察  �I

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