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madam how and lady why(裟健繁才山溺平)-及34准

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colours mark the ancient rocks and high mountains of Mayo and Galway 

and Kerry�察�which stand as barriers to keep the raging surf of the Atlantic 

from bursting inland and beating away�察�as it surely would in course of time�察�

the low flat limestone plain of the middle of Ireland。             But the same coral´ 

reefs once stretched out far to the westward into the Atlantic Ocean�察�and 

you may see the proof upon that map。              For in the western bays�察�in Clew 

Bay with its hundred islands�察�and Galway Bay with its Isles of Arran�察�and 

beautiful Kenmare�察�and beautiful Bantry�察�you see little blue spots�察�which 

are low limestone islands�察�standing in the sea�察�overhung by mountains far 

aloft。 You have often heard those islands in Kenmare Bay talked of�察�and 

how some whom you know go to fish round them by night for turbot and 

conger�察�and when you hear them spoken of again�察�you must recollect that 

they are the last fragments of a great fringing coral´reef�察�which will in a 

few   thousand   years   follow   the   fate   of   the   rest�察  �and   be   eaten   up   by   the 

waves�察     �while   the   mountains      of   hard   rock    stand   round     them    still 

unchanged。 

     Now look at England�察�and there you will see patches at least of a great 

coral´reef which was forming at the same time as that Irish one�察�and on 

which perhaps some of your schoolfellows have often stood。                     You have 



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heard of St。 Vincent's Rocks at Bristol�察�and the marble cliffs�察�250 feet in 

height�察  �covered   in   part   with   rich   wood   and   rare   flowers�察  �and   the   Avon 

running through the narrow gorge�察�and the stately ships sailing far below 

your feet from Bristol to the Severn sea。              And you may see�察�for here they 

are�察 �corals   from  St。 Vincent's   Rocks�察 �cut   and   polished�察 �showing   too   that 

they also�察�like the Dudley limestone�察�are made up of corals and of coral´ 

mud。 Now�察�whenever you see St。 Vincent's Rocks�察�as I suspect you very 

soon     will�察 �recollect    where     you   are�察  �and   use   your    fancy�察  �to  paint   for 

yourself a picture as strange as it is true。           Fancy that those rocks are what 

they once were�察�a coral´reef close to the surface of a shallow sea。                     Fancy 

that   there   is   no   gorge   of   the Avon�察  �no   wide   Severn   seafor   those   were 

eaten out by water ages and ages afterwards。                  But picture to yourself the 

coral sea reaching away to the north�察�to the foot of the Welsh mountains�察�

and then fancy yourself�察�if you will�察�in a canoe�察�paddling up through the 

coral´   reefs�察  �north   and   still   north�察  �up   the   valley   down   which   the   Severn 

now     flows�察   �up   through    what    is  now    Worcestershire�察      �then   up   through 

Staffordshire�察�then through Derbyshire�察�into Yorkshire�察�and so on through 

Durham and Northumberland�察�till your find yourself stopped by the Ettrick 

hills   in   Scotland�察  �while   all   to   the   westward   of   you�察  �where   is   now   the 

greater     part  of   England�察    �was    open    sea。   You     may    say�察  �if  you   know 

anything   of   the   geography  of   England�察  �Impossible�             �That   would   be   to 

paddle   over   the     tops   of   high  mountains�察  �over       the   top   of  the   Peak  in 

Derbyshire�察�over the top of High Craven and Whernside and   Pen´y´gent 

and   Cross   Fell�察  �and   to   paddle   too   over   the   Cheviot   Hills�察  �which   part 

England and Scotland。;            I know it�察�my child�察�I know it。             But so it was 

once   on   a   time。    The   high   limestone   mountains   which   part   Lancashire 

and Yorkshirethe very chine and backbone of Englandwere once coral´ 

reefs at the bottom of the sea。           They are all made up of the carboniferous 

limestone�察�so called�察�as your little knowledge of Latin ought to tell you�察�

because it carries the coal�察�because the coalfields usually lie upon it。                      It 

may   be   impossible   in   your   eyes�此     �but   remember   always   that   nothing   is 

impossible with God。 

     But   you   said   that   the   coal   was   made   from   plants   and   trees�察  �and   did 

plants and trees grow on this coral´reef�拭�



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                               MADAM HOW AND LADY WHY 



     That I cannot say。      Trees may have grown on the dry parts of the reef�察�

as cocoa´nuts grow now in the Pacific。              But the coal was not laid down 

upon it till long afterwards�察�when it had gone through many and strange 

changes。      For all through the chine of England�察�and in a part of Ireland 

too�察 �there lies upon   the  top   of   the limestone  a  hard   gritty  rock�察 �in   some 

places three thousand feet thick�察�which is commonly called ;the mill´stone 

grit。;    And   above   that   again   the   coal   begins。  Now   to   make   that   3000 

feet of hard rock�察�what must have happened�拭              �The sea´bottom must have 

sunk�察�slowly no doubt�察�carrying the coral´reefs down with it�察�3000 feet at 

least。   And meanwhile sand and mud�察�made from the wearing away of the 

old   lands in   the   North   must   have   settled   down   upon   it。 I   say  from   the 

Northfor there are no fossils�察�as far as I know�察�or sign of life�察�in these 

rocks of mill´stone grit�察�and therefore it is reasonable to suppose that they 

were brought from a cold current at the Pole�察�too cold to allow sea´beasts 

to live��quite cold enough�察�certainly�察�to kill coral insects�察�who could only 

thrive in warm water coming from the South。 

     Then�察 �to go on   with   my  story�察 �upon   the top   of   these   mill´stone grits 

came sand and mud�察�and peat�察�and trees�察�and plants�察�washed out to sea�察�as 

far as we can guess�察�from the mouths of vast rivers flowing from the West�察�

rivers as vast as the Amazon�察�the Mississippi�察�or the Orinoco are now�察�and 

so in long ages�察�upon the top of the limestone and upon the top of the mill´ 

stone grit�察�were laid down those beds of coal which you see burnt now in 

every fire。 

     But how did the coral´reefs rise till they became cliffs at Bristol and 

mountains in Yorkshire�拭�

     The    earthquake     steam�察   �I  suppose�察   �raised   them。     One     earthquake 

indeed�察    �or  series   of  earthquakes�察     �there   was�察  �running    along    between 

Lancashire and Yorkshire�察�which made that vast crack and upheaval in the 

rocks�察�the Craven Fault�察�running�察�I believe�察�for more than a hundred miles�察�

and     lifting  the   rocks    in  some    places    several    hundred     feet。   That 

earthquake helped to make the high hills which overhang Manchester and 

Preston�察    �and    all   the   manufacturing       county    of   Lancashire。       That 

earthquake helped   to   make   the perpendicular cliff   at   Malham  Cove�察  �and 

many another beautiful bit of scenery。 And that and other earthquakes�察�by 



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heating the rocks from the fires below�察�may have helped to change them 

from soft coral into hard crystalline marble as you see them now�察�just as 

volcanic   heat   has   hardened   and   purified   the   beautiful   white   marbles   of 

Pentelicus and Paros in Greece�察�and Carrara in Italy�察�from which statues 

are carved unto this day。         Or the same earthquake may have heated and 

hardened the limestones simply by grinding and squeezing them�察�or they 

may have been heated and hardened in the course of long ages simply by 

the   weight   of   the   thousands   of   feet   of   other   rock   which   lay   upon   them。 

For pressure�察�you must remember�察�produces heat。                 When you strike flint 

and steel together�察�the pressure of the blow not only makes bits of steel fly 

off�察�but makes them fly off in red´hot sparks。            When you hammer a piece 

of iron with a hammer�察�you will soon find it get quite warm。                 When you 

squeeze the air together in your pop´gun�察�you actually make the air inside 

warmer�察�till the pellet flies out�察�and the air expands and cools again。             Nay�察�

I believe you cannot hold up a stone on the palm of your hand without that 

stone after a while warming your hand�察�because it presses against you in 

trying to fall�察�and you press against it in trying to hold it up。 And recollect 

above   all   the   great   and   beautiful   example   of   that   law   which   you   were 

lucky enough to see on the night of the 14th of November 1867�察�how those 

falling   stars�察  �as   I   told   you   then�察  �were   coming   out   of   boundless   space�察�

colder than any ice on earth�察�and   yet�察�simply by pressing against the   a

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