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history of philosophy-及58准

弌傍�� history of philosophy 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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the one absolute substance�察�wherein they are simply swallowed up�察�and all life in itself is utterly
destroyed。 This is what we find philosophically inadequate with Spinoza�察�distinctions are externally
present�察�it is true�察�but they remain external�察�since even the negative is not known in itself。 Thought
is the absolutely abstract�察�and for that very reason the absolutely negative�察�it is so in truth�察�but with
Spinoza it is not asserted to be the absolutely negative。 But if in opposition to Spinozism we hold
fast to the assertion that Spirit�察�as distinguishing itself from the corporeal�察�is substantial�察�actual�察�true��
and in the same way that freedom is not something merely privative�察�then this actuality in formal
thought is doubtless correct�察�yet it rests only upon feeling�察�but the further step is that the Idea
essentially includes within itself motion and vitality�察�and that it consequently has in itself the principle
of spiritual freedom。 On the one hand�察�therefore�察�the defect of Spinozism is conceived as
consisting in its want of correspondence with actuality�察�but on the other side it is to be
apprehended in a higher sense�察�I mean in the sense that substance with Spinoza is only the Idea
taken altogether abstractly�察�not in its vitality。

If�察�in conclusion�察�we sum up this criticism that we have offered�察�we would say that on the one hand
with Spinoza negation or privation is distinct from substance�察�for he merely assumes individual
determinations�察�and does not deduce them from substance。 On the other hand the negation is
present only as Nothing�察�for in the absolute there is no mode�察�the negative is not there�察�but only its
dissolution�察�its return�此�we do not find its movement�察�its Becoming and Being。 The negative is
conceived altogether as a vanishing moment ! not in itself�察�but only as individual
self´consciousness�察�it is not like the Separator we met with in Boehme's system ��supra�察�p。 206��。
Self´consciousness is born from this ocean�察�dripping with the water thereof�察�i。e。�察�never coming to
absolute self´hood�察�the heart�察�the independence is transfixed ! the vital fire is wanting。 This lack
has to be supplied�察�the moment of self´consciousness has to be added。 It has the following two
special aspects�察�which we now perceive emerging and gaining acceptance�察�in the first place the
objective aspect�察�that absolute essence obtains in self´consciousness the mode of an object of
consciousness for which the ^other ̄ exists�察�or the existent as such�察�and that what Spinoza��
understood by the ^modes ̄ is elevated to objective reality its an absolute moment of the absolute��
in the second place we have the aspect of self´consciousness�察�individuality�察�independence。 As was
formerly the case with respect to Bacon and Boehme�察�the former aspect is here taken up by the
Englishman�察�John Locke�察�the latter by the German Leibnitz�察�in the first case it did not appear as a
moment�察�nor did it in the second appear as absolute Notion。 Now while Spinoza only takes notice
of these ordinary conceptions�察�and。 the highest point of view he reaches in regard to them is that
they sink and disappear in the one Substance�察�Locke on the contrary examines the genesis of
these conceptions�察�while Leibnitz opposes to Spinoza the infinite multiplicity of individuals��
although all these monads have one monad as the basis of their Being。 Both Locke and Leibnitz
therefore came forward as opponents of the abovementioned one´sidedness of Spinoza。






1。 Collectanea de vita B。 de Spinoza ��addita Operibus ed。 Paulus Jenn�拭�1802´1803�察�T。 II。���察�pp。
593´604�察�612´628 ��Spinoza Epist。 LIII´LIV。 in Oper。 ed。 Paul T。 I。 pp。 638´640�� 642´665��
Spinoz�拭�Oper。 ed。 Paul T。 II。 Pr��f。 p。 XVI。 
2。 Collectanea de vita B。 de Spinoza�察�pp。 629´641�察�Spinoz�拭�Ethic。 ��Oper。 T。 II。�� Pp。 1�察�3 et not。��
33。
3。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 I。 Prop。 V。 VIII。 X。 et Schol。�察�XIII。 pp。 37´39�察�41�察�42�察�45。
4。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 I。 Prop。 XVII。�察�Coroll。 I。�察�II。�察�et Schol。�察�Prop。 XVIII。�察�Prop。 XX。�察�et Coroll。
I。 Prop。 XXI。�察�XXVI。�察�XXVII。�察�XXIX。�察�XXXII。�察�XXXIII。 Schol。 II。 pp。 51´57�察�59�察�61�察�63�察�67��
68。
5。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 I。�察�II。�察�VII。 et Schol。 pp。 78�察�79�察�82�察�83。
6。 Spinoz。 Ethic。 P。 I。 Prop。 XXX´XXXII。 pp。 62�察�63�察�P。 III。 Defin。 III。 p。 132�察�Prop。 XI。 Schol。��
p。 141。
7。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XI。 Demonst。 et Coroll。 pp。 86�察�87�察�Defin。 IV。 pp。 77�察�78。
8。 Dictionnaire historique et critique �┬�dition de 1740�察�T。 IV。���察�Article Spinosa�察�p。 261�察�Note N。
No。 IV。
9。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XII。�察�XIII。 et Schol。 Prop。 XIV。�察�XXIII。�察�V。 pp。 87´89�察�95�察�102��
80�察�81。
10。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XI。 ��Axiom I。 p。 78�� et Demonstr。 Prop。 X。 pp。 85´87�察�Prop。
VI。 p。 81�察�P。 III。 Prop。 II。 pp。 133�察�134。
11。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 III。 Prop。 VI´VIII。 Prop。 IX。 Schol。 pp。 139��1 140�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XLIX。
Coroll。 p。 123�察�P。 III。 Prop。 II。 Schol。 p。 136�察�P。 V。 Prop。 III。 Demonst。 et Coroll。 pp。 272�察�273。
12。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 III。 Prop。 I。 p。 132�察�Prop。 III。 p。 138�察�P。 IV。 Pr��f。 p。 199�察�P。 III。 Prop。
XI。 Schol。 pp。 141�察�142�察�P。 IV。 Prop。 II。 p。 205�察�P。 III。 Prop。 III。 et Schol。 p。 138。
13。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 V。 Prop。 XXXVI。 Schol。 Prop。 XXXVIL Demonstr。�察�Prop。 XXXVIII。 et
Schol。 pp。 293´295。 

14。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XL。 Schol。 II。 pp。 113�察�114。
15。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 II。 Prop。 XLIV。 et Coroll。 II。 pp。 117�察�118�察�Prop。 XLV。 p。 119�察�P。 V。
Prop。 XXX。 p。 289�此�P。 II。 Prop。 XXXII。 p。 107。
16。 Spinoz。 Ethices�察�P。 V。 Prop。 XIV。 p。 280�察�Prop。 VI。 p。 275�察�Prop。 XXVII。 pp。 287�察�288��
Prop。 XXXII。 Coroll。�察�Prop。 XXXV。 pp。 291�察�292。




Section Two�此�Period of the Thinking Understanding
              Chapter I。 ! The Metaphysics of the Understanding
                     A 3。 MALEBRANCHE

The philosophy of Malebranche is in point of matter entirely identical with that of Spinoza�察�but it
has another�察�a more religious and more theological form�察�on account of this form it never
encountered the opposition met with by Spinoza�察�and for the same reason Malebranche has never
been reproached with Atheism。

Nicholas Malebranche was born at Paris in 1638。 He was sickly and deformed in body�察�and was
hence brought up with great care。 He was diffident and loved solitude�察�in his twenty´second year
he entered the congr└gation de l¨ oratoire�察�a sort of spiritual order�察�and devoted himself to the
sciences。 In passing a bookseller¨ s shop he happened accidentally to see Descartes¨ work De
homine�察�he read it��and it interested him greatly ! so much so that the reading of it brought on
severe palpitation and he was forced to cease。 This decided his future life�察�there awoke in him an
irrepressible inclination for Philosophy。 He was a man of most noble and gentle character�察�and of
the most genuine�察�and unswerving�察�piety。 He died at Paris in 1715�察�and in�察�the seventy´seventh
year of his age。��1��

His principal work bears the title�此�De la recherche de la v└rit└。 One part of it is entirely
metaphysical�察�but the greater part is altogether empirical。 For instance�察�Malebranche in the first
three books treats logically and psychologically of the errors in sight and hearing�察�in the imagination
and understanding。

a。 What is most important in this book is his idea of the origin of our knowledge。 He says�此 �The
essence of the soul is in thought�察�just as that of matter is in extension。 All else�察�such as sensation��
imagination and will�察�are modifications of thought。 ̄ He thus begins with two sides�察�between which
he sets an absolute chasm�察�and then he follows out in detail the Cartesian idea of the assistance of
God in knowledge。 His main point is that ^the soul cannot attain to its conceptions and notions
from external things。 ̄ For when I and the thing are clearly independent of one another and have
nothing in common�察�the two can certainly not enter into relation with one another nor be for one
another。 ^Bodies are impenetrable�察�their images would destroy one another on the way to the
organs。 ̄ But further�此 �The soul cannot beget ideas from itself�察�nor can they be inborn�察院�for as
^Augustine has said�察 � Say not that ye yourselves are your own light。¨  ̄ But how then comes
extension�察�the manifold�察�into the simple�察�into the spirit�察�since it is the reverse of the simple�察�namely
the diverse�拭�This question regarding the association of thought and extension is always an
important one in Philosophy。 According to Malebranche the answer is�察 �That we see all things in
God。 ̄ God Himself is the connection between us and them�察�and thus the unity between the thing
and thought。 ^God has in Him the ideas of all things because He has created all�察�God is through
His omnipresence united in the most intimate way with spirits。 God thus is the place of spirits�察院�the
Universal of spirit�察 �just as space ̄ is the universal�察 �the place of bodies。 Consequently the soul
knows in God what is in Him�察院�bodies�察 �inasmuch as He sets forth ̄ ��inwardly conceives��
^created existence�察�because all this is spiritual�察�intellectual�察�and present to the soul。;��2�� Because
things and God are intellectual and we too are intellectual�察�we perceive them in God as they are��
so to speak�察�intellectual in Him。 If this be further analyzed it in no way differs from Spinozism。
Malebranche

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