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What¡¡English¡¡breeders¡¡have¡¡actually¡¡effected¡¡is¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡enormous¡¡prices¡¡given¡¡for¡¡animals¡¡with¡¡a¡¡good¡¡pedigree£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡have¡¡now¡¡been¡¡exported¡¡to¡¡almost¡¡every¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡The¡¡improvement¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡generally¡¡due¡¡to¡¡crossing¡¡different¡¡breeds£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡best¡¡breeders¡¡are¡¡strongly¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡this¡¡practice£»¡¡except¡¡sometimes¡¡amongst¡¡closely¡¡allied¡¡sub¡­breeds¡£¡¡And¡¡when¡¡a¡¡cross¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made£»¡¡the¡¡closest¡¡selection¡¡is¡¡far¡¡more¡¡indispensable¡¡even¡¡than¡¡in¡¡ordinary¡¡cases¡£¡¡If¡¡selection¡¡consisted¡¡merely¡¡in¡¡separating¡¡some¡¡very¡¡distinct¡¡variety£»¡¡and¡¡breeding¡¡from¡¡it£»¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡would¡¡be¡¡so¡¡obvious¡¡as¡¡hardly¡¡to¡¡be¡¡worth¡¡notice£»¡¡but¡¡its¡¡importance¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡effect¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡accumulation¡¡in¡¡one¡¡direction£»¡¡during¡¡successive¡¡generations£»¡¡of¡¡differences¡¡absolutely¡¡inappreciable¡¡by¡¡an¡¡uneducated¡¡eye¡¡differences¡¡which¡¡I¡¡for¡¡one¡¡have¡¡vainly¡¡attempted¡¡to¡¡appreciate¡£¡¡Not¡¡one¡¡man¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡has¡¡accuracy¡¡of¡¡eye¡¡and¡¡judgement¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡become¡¡an¡¡eminent¡¡breeder¡£¡¡If¡¡gifted¡¡with¡¡these¡¡qualities£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡studies¡¡his¡¡subject¡¡for¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡devotes¡¡his¡¡lifetime¡¡to¡¡it¡¡with¡¡indomitable¡¡perseverance£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡succeed£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡make¡¡great¡¡improvements£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡wants¡¡any¡¡of¡¡these¡¡qualities£»¡¡he¡¡will¡¡assuredly¡¡fail¡£¡¡Few¡¡would¡¡readily¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡capacity¡¡and¡¡years¡¡of¡¡practice¡¡requisite¡¡to¡¡become¡¡even¡¡a¡¡skilful¡¡pigeon¡­fancier¡£¡¡
The¡¡same¡¡principles¡¡are¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡horticulturists£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡variations¡¡are¡¡here¡¡often¡¡more¡¡abrupt¡£¡¡No¡¡one¡¡supposes¡¡that¡¡our¡¡choicest¡¡productions¡¡have¡¡been¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡a¡¡single¡¡variation¡¡from¡¡the¡¡aboriginal¡¡stock¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡proofs¡¡that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡exact¡¡records¡¡have¡¡been¡¡kept£»¡¡thus£»¡¡to¡¡give¡¡a¡¡very¡¡trifling¡¡instance£»¡¡the¡¡steadily¡­increasing¡¡size¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡gooseberry¡¡may¡¡be¡¡quoted¡£¡¡We¡¡see¡¡an¡¡astonishing¡¡improvement¡¡in¡¡many¡¡florists'¡¡flowers£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day¡¡are¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡drawings¡¡made¡¡only¡¡twenty¡¡or¡¡thirty¡¡years¡¡ago¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡race¡¡of¡¡plants¡¡is¡¡once¡¡pretty¡¡well¡¡established£»¡¡the¡¡seed¡­raisers¡¡do¡¡not¡¡pick¡¡out¡¡the¡¡best¡¡plants£»¡¡but¡¡merely¡¡go¡¡over¡¡their¡¡seed¡­beds£»¡¡and¡¡pull¡¡up¡¡the¡¡'rogues£»'¡¡as¡¡they¡¡call¡¡the¡¡plants¡¡that¡¡deviate¡¡from¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡standard¡£¡¡With¡¡animals¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡selection¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡also¡¡followed£»¡¡for¡¡hardly¡¡any¡¡one¡¡is¡¡so¡¡careless¡¡as¡¡to¡¡allow¡¡his¡¡worst¡¡animals¡¡to¡¡breed¡£¡¡
In¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡plants£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡another¡¡means¡¡of¡¡observing¡¡the¡¡accumulated¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡selection¡¡namely£»¡¡by¡¡comparing¡¡the¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡flowers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡different¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡species¡¡in¡¡the¡¡flower¡­garden£»¡¡the¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡leaves£»¡¡pods£»¡¡or¡¡tubers£»¡¡or¡¡whatever¡¡part¡¡is¡¡valued£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡kitchen¡­garden£»¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡varieties£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡diversity¡¡of¡¡fruit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡species¡¡in¡¡the¡¡orchard£»¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡and¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡set¡¡of¡¡varieties¡£¡¡See¡¡how¡¡different¡¡the¡¡leaves¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cabbage¡¡are£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡extremely¡¡alike¡¡the¡¡flowers£»¡¡how¡¡unlike¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heartsease¡¡are£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡alike¡¡the¡¡leaves£»¡¡how¡¡much¡¡the¡¡fruit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡gooseberries¡¡differ¡¡in¡¡size£»¡¡colour£»¡¡shape£»¡¡and¡¡hairiness£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡flowers¡¡present¡¡very¡¡slight¡¡differences¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡that¡¡the¡¡varieties¡¡which¡¡differ¡¡largely¡¡in¡¡some¡¡one¡¡point¡¡do¡¡not¡¡differ¡¡at¡¡all¡¡in¡¡other¡¡points£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡hardly¡¡ever£»¡¡perhaps¡¡never£»¡¡the¡¡case¡£¡¡The¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡correlation¡¡of¡¡growth£»¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡which¡¡should¡¡never¡¡be¡¡overlooked£»¡¡will¡¡ensure¡¡some¡¡differences£»¡¡but£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡general¡¡rule£»¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡continued¡¡selection¡¡of¡¡slight¡¡variations£»¡¡either¡¡in¡¡the¡¡leaves£»¡¡the¡¡flowers£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡fruit£»¡¡will¡¡produce¡¡races¡¡differing¡¡from¡¡each¡¡other¡¡chiefly¡¡in¡¡these¡¡characters¡£¡¡
It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡objected¡¡that¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡selection¡¡has¡¡been¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡methodical¡¡practice¡¡for¡¡scarcely¡¡more¡¡than¡¡three¡­quarters¡¡of¡¡a¡¡century£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡certainly¡¡been¡¡more¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡of¡¡late¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡treatises¡¡have¡¡been¡¡published¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡result£»¡¡I¡¡may¡¡add£»¡¡has¡¡been£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡corresponding¡¡degree£»¡¡rapid¡¡and¡¡important¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡far¡¡from¡¡true¡¡that¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡is¡¡a¡¡modern¡¡discovery¡£¡¡I¡¡could¡¡give¡¡several¡¡references¡¡to¡¡the¡¡full¡¡acknowledgement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡in¡¡works¡¡of¡¡high¡¡antiquity¡£¡¡In¡¡rude¡¡and¡¡barbarous¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡English¡¡history¡¡choice¡¡animals¡¡were¡¡often¡¡imported£»¡¡and¡¡laws¡¡were¡¡passed¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡exportation£º¡¡the¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡horses¡¡under¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡size¡¡was¡¡ordered£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡may¡¡be¡¡compared¡¡to¡¡the¡¡'roguing'¡¡of¡¡plants¡¡by¡¡nurserymen¡£¡¡The¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡selection¡¡I¡¡find¡¡distinctly¡¡given¡¡in¡¡an¡¡ancient¡¡Chinese¡¡encyclopaedia¡£¡¡Explicit¡¡rules¡¡are¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡by¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡classical¡¡writers¡£¡¡From¡¡passages¡¡in¡¡Genesis£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡the¡¡colour¡¡of¡¡domestic¡¡animals¡¡was¡¡at¡¡that¡¡early¡¡period¡¡attended¡¡to¡£¡¡Savages¡¡now¡¡sometimes¡¡cross¡¡their¡¡dogs¡¡with¡¡wild¡¡canine¡¡animals£»¡¡to¡¡improve¡¡the¡¡breed£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡formerly¡¡did¡¡so£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡attested¡¡by¡¡passages¡¡in¡¡Pliny¡£¡¡The¡¡savages¡¡in¡¡South¡¡Africa¡¡match¡¡their¡¡draught¡¡cattle¡¡by¡¡colour£»¡¡as¡¡do¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Esquimaux¡¡their¡¡teams¡¡of¡¡dogs¡£¡¡Livingstone¡¡shows¡¡how¡¡much¡¡good¡¡domestic¡¡breeds¡¡are¡¡valued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡negroes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡interior¡¡of¡¡Africa¡¡who¡¡have¡¡not¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡Europeans¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡do¡¡not¡¡show¡¡actual¡¡selection£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡show¡¡that¡¡the¡¡breeding¡¡of¡¡domestic¡¡animals¡¡was¡¡carefully¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡in¡¡ancient¡¡times£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡now¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡by¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡savages¡£¡¡It¡¡would£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡strange¡¡fact£»¡¡had¡¡attention¡¡not¡¡been¡¡paid¡¡to¡¡breeding£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡inheritance¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡bad¡¡qualities¡¡is¡¡so¡¡obvious¡£¡¡
At¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time£»¡¡eminent¡¡breeders¡¡try¡¡by¡¡methodical¡¡selection£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡distinct¡¡object¡¡in¡¡view£»¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡new¡¡strain¡¡or¡¡sub¡­breed£»¡¡superior¡¡to¡¡anything¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡But£»¡¡for¡¡our¡¡purpose£»¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡Selection£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡called¡¡Unconscious£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡results¡¡from¡¡every¡¡one¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡and¡¡breed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡best¡¡individual¡¡animals£»¡¡is¡¡more¡¡important¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡a¡¡man¡¡who¡¡intends¡¡keeping¡¡pointers¡¡naturally¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡get¡¡as¡¡good¡¡dogs¡¡as¡¡he¡¡can£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡breeds¡¡from¡¡his¡¡own¡¡best¡¡dogs£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡has¡¡no¡¡wish¡¡or¡¡expectation¡¡of¡¡permanently¡¡altering¡¡the¡¡breed¡£¡¡Nevertheless¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡this¡¡process£»¡¡continued¡¡during¡¡centuries£»¡¡would¡¡improve¡¡and¡¡modify¡¡any¡¡breed£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡as¡¡Bakewell£»¡¡Collins£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡by¡¡this¡¡very¡¡same¡¡process£»¡¡only¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡more¡¡methodically£»¡¡did¡¡greatly¡¡modify£»¡¡even¡¡during¡¡their¡¡own¡¡lifetimes£»¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡and¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡their¡¡cattle¡£¡¡Slow¡¡and¡¡insensible¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡could¡¡never¡¡be¡¡recognised¡¡unless¡¡actual¡¡measurements¡¡or¡¡careful¡¡drawings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡breeds¡¡in¡¡question¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡long¡¡ago£»¡¡which¡¡might¡¡serve¡¡for¡¡comparison¡£¡¡In¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡however£»¡¡unchanged¡¡or¡¡but¡¡little¡¡changed¡¡individuals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡breed¡¡may¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡less¡¡civilised¡¡districts£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡breed¡¡has¡¡been¡¡less¡¡improved¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡reason¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡King¡¡Charles's¡¡spaniel¡¡has¡¡been¡¡unconsciously¡¡modified¡¡to¡¡a¡¡large¡¡extent¡¡since¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡that¡¡monarch¡£¡¡Some¡¡highly¡¡competent¡¡authorities¡¡are¡¡convinced¡¡that¡¡the¡¡setter¡¡is¡¡directly¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡spaniel£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡probably¡¡been¡¡slowly¡¡altered¡¡from¡¡it¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡known¡¡that¡¡the¡¡English¡¡pointer¡¡has¡¡been¡¡greatly¡¡changed¡¡within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡change¡¡has£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡believed£»¡¡been¡¡chiefly¡¡effected¡¡by¡¡crosses¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fox¡­hound£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡concerns¡¡us¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡change¡¡has¡¡been¡¡effected¡¡unconsciously¡¡and¡¡gradually£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡so¡¡effectually£»¡¡that£»¡¡though¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Spanish¡¡pointer¡¡certainly¡¡came¡¡from¡¡Spain£»¡¡Mr¡¡Barrow¡¡has¡¡not¡¡seen£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡am¡¡informed¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡any¡¡native¡¡dog¡¡in¡¡Spain¡¡like¡¡our¡¡pointer¡£¡¡
By¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡process¡¡of¡¡selection£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡careful¡¡training£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡body¡¡of¡¡English¡¡racehorses¡¡have¡¡come¡¡to¡¡surpass¡¡in¡¡fleetness¡¡and¡¡size¡¡the¡¡parent¡¡Arab¡¡stock£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡latter£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡regulations¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Goodwood¡¡Races£»¡¡are¡¡favoured¡¡in¡¡the¡¡weights¡¡they¡¡carry¡£¡¡Lord¡¡Spencer¡¡and¡¡others¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡how¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡of¡¡England¡¡have¡¡increased¡¡in¡¡weight¡¡and¡¡in¡¡early¡¡maturity£»¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡the¡¡stock¡¡formerly¡¡kept¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡£¡¡By¡¡comparing¡¡the¡¡accounts¡¡given¡¡in¡¡old¡¡pigeon¡¡treatises¡¡of¡¡carriers¡¡and¡¡tumblers¡¡with¡¡these¡¡breeds¡¡as¡¡now¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡Britain£»¡¡India£»¡¡and¡¡Persia£»¡¡we¡¡can£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡clearly¡¡trace¡¡the¡¡stages¡¡through¡¡which¡¡they¡¡have¡¡insensibly¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡come¡¡to¡¡differ¡¡so¡¡greatly¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rock¡­pigeon¡£¡¡
Youatt¡¡gives¡¡an¡¡excellent¡¡illustration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡a¡¡course¡¡of¡¡selection£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡unconsciously¡¡followed£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡that¡¡the¡¡breeders¡¡could¡¡never¡¡have¡¡expected¡¡or¡¡even¡¡have¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡have¡¡produced¡¡the¡¡result¡¡which¡¡ensued¡¡namely£»¡¡the¡¡production¡¡of¡¡two¡¡distinct¡¡strains¡£¡¡The¡¡two¡¡flocks¡¡of¡¡Leicester¡¡sheep¡¡kept¡¡by¡¡Mr¡¡Buckley¡¡and¡¡Mr¡¡Burgess£»¡¡as¡¡Mr¡¡Youatt¡¡remarks£»¡¡'have¡¡been¡¡purely¡¡bred¡¡from¡¡the¡¡original¡¡stock¡¡of¡¡Mr¡¡Bakewell¡¡for¡¡upwards¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡years¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡suspicion¡¡existing¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡of¡¡any¡¡one¡¡at¡¡all¡¡acquainted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡that¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡either¡¡of¡¡them¡¡has¡¡deviated¡¡in¡¡any¡¡one¡¡instance¡¡from¡¡the¡¡pure¡¡blood¡¡of¡¡Mr¡¡Bakewell's¡¡flock£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡sheep¡¡possessed¡¡by¡¡these¡¡two¡¡gentlemen¡¡is¡¡so¡¡great¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡being¡¡quite¡¡different¡¡varieties¡£'¡¡
If¡¡there¡¡exist¡¡savages¡¡so¡¡barbarous¡¡as¡¡never¡¡to¡¡think¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inherited¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡offspring¡¡of¡¡their¡¡domestic¡¡animals£»¡¡yet¡¡any¡¡one¡¡animal¡¡particularly¡¡useful¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡for¡¡any¡¡special¡¡purpose£»¡¡would¡¡be¡¡carefully¡¡preserved¡¡during¡¡famines¡¡and¡¡other¡¡accidents£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡savages¡¡are¡¡so¡¡liable£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡choice¡¡animals¡¡would¡¡thus¡¡generally¡¡leave¡¡more¡¡offsp

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