wgolding.lordoftheflies-第57节

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　5。　Ibid。
　
　…who　establish　the　necessity　for　our　valid　ethical　and　social　action；　then　Jack　bees　an　externalization　of　the　evil　instinctual　forces　of　the　unconscious；　the　allegorical　has　bee　the　psychological。
　The　temptation　is　to　regard　the　island　on　which　the　children　are　marooned　as　a　kind　of　Eden；　uncorrupted　and　Eve…less。　But　the　actions　of　the　children　negate　any　romantic　assumptions　about　childhood　innocence。　Even　though　Golding　himself　momentarily　bees　a　victim　of　his　Western　culture　and　states　at　the　end　that　Ralph　wept　for　the　〃end　of　innocence；〃　events　have　simply　supported　Freud's　conclusion　that　no　child　is　innocent。　On　a　fourth　level；　Ralph　is　every　man…or　every　child…and　his　body　bees　the　battleground　where　reason　and　instinct　struggle；　each　to　assert　itself。　For　to　regard　Ralph　and　Jack　as　Good　and　Evil；　as　I　do　in　the　previous　paragraph；　is　to　ignore　the　role　of　the　child　Piggy；　who　in　the　child's　world　of　make…believe　is　the　outsider。　Piggy's　posite　description　not　only　manifests　his　difference　from　the　other　boys；　it　also　reminds　the　reader　of　the　stereotype　image　of　the　old　man　who　has　more…than…human　wisdom：　he　is　fat；　inactive　because　asthmatic；　and　generally　reveals　a　disinclination　for　physical　labor。　Because　he　is　extremely　near…sighted；　he　wears　thick　glasses…　a　further　mark　of　his　difference。　As　time　passes；　the　hair　of　the　other　boys　grows　with　abandon。　〃He　was　the　only　boy　on　the　island　whose　hair　never　seemed　to　grow。　The　rest　were　shock…headed；　but　Piggy's　hair　still　lay　in　wisps　over　his　head　as　though　baldness　were　his　natural　state；　and　this　imperfect　covering　would　soon　go；　like　the　velvet　on　a　young　stag's　antlers〃　（59）。　In　these　images　of　age　and　authority　we　have　a　figure　reminiscent　of　the　children's　past　…　the　father。　Moreover；　like　the　father　he　counsels　mon　sense；　he　alone　leavens　with　a　reasonable　gravity　the　constant　exuberance　of　the　others　for　play　or　for　play　at　hunting。　When　they　scamper　off　at　every　vague　whim；　he　scornfully　ments；　〃　Like　a　pack　of　kids。　〃　Ungrammatically　but　logically　he　tries　to　allay　the　〃littluns''　fear　of　a　〃beast〃　〃Life　is　scientific；　that's　what　it　is。　。。。　I　know　there　isn't　no　beast…not　with　claws　and　all　that；　I　mean…but　I　know　there　isn't　no　fear；　either'〃　（77）。　He　has　excessive　regard　for　the　forms　of　order：　the　conch　must　be　held　by　a　child　before　that　child　can　speak　at　councils。　When　the　others　neglect　responsibility；　fail　to　build　shelters；　swim　in　the　pools　or　play　in　the　sand　or　hunt；　allow　the　signal　fire　on　the　mountain　to　go　out　or　get　out　of　hand　and　burn　up　half　the　island；　he　seconds　Ralph　by　admonishing　the　others　vigorously　and　bees　more　and　more　of　a　spoilsport　who　robs　play　of　its　illusions；　like　the　adult　who　interrupts　the　game。　Ralph　alone　recognizes　Piggy's　superior　intelligence；　but　wavers　between　what　he　knows　to　be　wise　and　the　group　acceptance　his　egocentricity　demands。　Finally；　Piggy's　role…as　man's　reasoning　faculties　and　as　a　father…derives　some　of　its　plexity　from　the　fact　that　the　fire　which　the　children　foster　and　guard　on　the　mountain　in　the　hope　of　municating　with　the　adult　world　is　lighted　with　his　glasses。　In　classical　mythology；　after　all；　fire　brought　civilization…and；　hence；　repression…to　man。　As　the　hold　of　civilization　weakens；　the　new　munity　bees　more　and　more　irrational；　and　its　irrationality　is　marked　by　Piggy's　progressive　blindness。　An　accident　following　an　argument　between　Ralph　and　Jack　causes　one　of　the　lenses　of　Piggy's　glasses　to　break。　When　the　final　breach　between　the　two　occurs　and　Piggy　supports　Ralph；　his　remaining　lens　is　stolen　in　a　night　raid　by　Jack。　This　is　a　parody　of　the　traditional　fire　theft；　which　was　to　provide　light　and　warmth　for　mankind。　After　this　event　Piggy　must　be　led　by　Ralph；　When　he　is　making　his　final　plea　for　his　glasses…reasoned　as　always…he　is　struck　on　the　head　by　a　rock　and　fails。　〃Piggy　fell　forty　feet　and　landed　on　his　back　on　that　square；　red　rock　in　the　sea。　His　head　opened　and　stuff　came　out　and　turned　red。　Piggy's　arms　and　legs　twitched　a　bit；　like　a　pig's　after　it　has　been　killed〃　（167）。　What　Golding　emphasizes　here　is　the　plete　animality　to　which　Piggy　is　reduced；　His　mind　is　destroyed；　his　body　is　subject　to　motor　responses　alone；　he　is　〃like　a　pig　after　it　has　been　killed。〃
　The　history　of　the　child　Piggy　on　the　island　dramatizes　in　terms　of　the　individual　the　history　of　the　entire　group。　When　they　first　assemble　to　investigate　their　plight；　they　treat　their　island　isolation　as　a　temporary　phenomenon。　They　are；　after　all；　still　children；　wanting　only　to　play　games　until　they　are　interrupted　by　the　action　of　parents；　until　the　decisions　of　their　elders　take　them　from　make…believe　to　the　actuality　of　school　or　food　or　sleep；　until　they　are　rescued；　as　it　were；　from　〃play。〃　This　microcosm　of　the　great　world　seems　to　them　to　be　a　fairy　land。
　
　A　kind　of　glamour　was　spread　over　them　and　the　scene　and　they　were　conscious　of　the　glamour　and　made　happy　by　it　（22）。
　The　coral　was　scribbled　in　the　sea　as　though　a　giant　had　bent　down　to　reproduce　the　shape　of　the　island　in　a　flowing；　chalk　line　but　tired　before　he　had　finished　（25）。
　〃This　is　real　exploring；〃　said　Jack。　〃I'll　bet　nobody's　been　here　before〃　（23）。
　Echoes　and　birds　flew；　white　and　pink　dust　floated；　the　forest　further　down　shook　as　with　the　passage　of　an　enraged　monster：　and　then　the　island　was　still　（24）。
　
　They　pare　this　reality　which　as　yet　they　do　not　accept　as　reality　to　their　reading　experiences：　it　is　Treasure　Island　or　Coral　Island　or　like　pictures　from　their　travel　books。　This　initial　reaction　reaffirms　the　pattern　of　play　which　Johan　Huizinga　establishes　in　Homo　Ludens6　In　its　early　stages　their　play　has　no　cultural　or　moral　function；　it　is　simply　a　〃stepping　out　of　real　life　into　a　temporary　sphere　of　activity。〃　7　Ironically；　the　child　of　Lord　of　the　Flies　who　thinks　he　is　〃only　pretending〃　or　that　this　is　〃only　for　fun〃　does　not　realize　that　his　play　is　the　beginning　of　the　formation　of　a　new　society　which　has　regressed　to　a　primitive　state；　with　all　its　emphasis　upon　taboo　and　munal　action。　What　begins　by　being　like　other　games　in　having　a　distinct　〃locality　and　duration〃　8　apart　from　ordinary　life　is…or　bees…reality。　The　spatial　separation　necessary　for　the　make…believe　of　the　game　is　represented　first　by　the　island。　In　this　new　world　the　playground　is　further　narrowed：　not　only　are　their　actions　limited　by　the　island；　but　also　the　gatherings　of　the　children　are　described　as　a　circle　at　several　points；　a　circle　from　which　Piggy　is　excluded：
　
　For　the　moment　the　boys　were　a　closed　circuit　of　sympathy　with　Piggy　outside　（18）。
　They　became　a　circle　or　boys　round　a　camp　fire　and　even　Ralph　and　Piggy　were　half…drawn　in　（67）。
　
　Piggy　approximates　the　spoilsport　who　〃robs　the　play　of　its　illusion；〃　9　who　reminds　them　of　space　and　time　outside　the　charmed　circle；　who　demands　responsibility。
　
　6。Johan　Huizinga；　Homo　Ludens　（Boston：　Beacon　Press；　1955）。　
　7。Ibid。；p。8。
　8。Ibid。；p。9。　
　9。Ibid。；p。7。
　
　The　games　of　the　beginning　of　the　novel　have　a　double　function：　they；　first　of　all；　reflect　the　child's　attitude　toward　play　as　a　temporary　cessation　from　the　activities　imposed　by　the　adult　world；　but；　like　the　games　played　before　the　formation　of　civilization；　they　anticipate　the　ritual　which　reveals　a　developing　society。　So　the　children　move　from　voluntary　play　to　ritual；　from　〃only　pretending〃　to　reality；　from　representation　or　dramatization　to　identification。　The　older　strictures　imposed　by　parents　are　soon　forgotten…but　every　now　and　then　a　momentary　remembrance　of　past　prohibitions　causes　restraint。　One　older　child　hides　in　order　to　throw　stones　at　a　younger　one。
　
　Yet　there　was　a　space　around　Henry；　perhaps　six　yards　in　diameter；　into　which　he　dare　not　throw。　Here；　invisible　yet　strong；　was　the　taboo　of　the　old　life。　Round　the　squatting　child　was　the　protection　of　parents　and　school　and　policemen　and　the　law　（57）。
　
　Jack　hesitates　when；　searching　for　meat；　he　raises　his　knife　to　kill　his　first　pig。
　
　The　pause　was　only　long　enough　for　them　to　understand　what　an　enormity　the　downward　stroke　would　be。　Then　the　piglet　tore　loose　from　the　creepers　and　scurried　into　the　undergrowth。　。　。　。
　〃Why　didn't　you…？〃
　They　knew　very　well　why　he　hadn't：　because　of　the　enormity　of　the　knife　descending　and　cutting　into　living　flesh；　because　of　the　unbearable　blood　（27）。
　
　The　younger　children　first；　then　gradually　the　older　ones；　like　primitives　in　the　childhood　of　races；　begin　to　people　the　darkness　of　night　and　forest　with　spirits　and　demons　which　had　previously　appeared　only　in　their　dreams　or　fairy　tales。　Now　there　are　no　forting　mothers　to　dispel　the　terrors　of　the　unknown。　They　externalize　these　fears　into　the　figure　of　a　〃beast。〃　Once　the　word　〃beast〃　is　mentioned；　the　menace　of　the　irrational　bees　overt；　name　and　thing　bee　one。　Simply　to　mention　the　dreaded　creature　is　to　incur　its　wrath。　At　one　critical　council　when　the　first　munal　feeling　begins　to　disintegrate；　Ralph　cries；　〃If　only　they　could　send　us　something　grown…up　。。。　a　sign　or　something〃　（87）。　And　a　sign　does　e　from　the　outside。　That　night；　unknown　to　the　children；　a　plane　is　shot　down