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take long for his way of thinking to become prevalent。  In ordinary

times; social and political ideas slumber in uncultured minds in the

shape of vague antipathies; restrained aspirations; and fleeting

desires。  Behold them aroused  … energetic; imperious; stubborn; and

unbridled。  Objection or opposition is not to be tolerated; dissent;

with them; is a sure sign of treachery。 … Apropos of the nonjuring

priests;'40' five hundred and twenty…seven of the National Guards of

Arras write; 〃that no one could doubt their iniquity without being

suspected of being their accomplices。  。  。  。  Should the whole

town combine and express a contrary opinion; it would simply show

that it is filled with enemies of the Constitution;〃 and forthwith;

in spite of the law and the remonstrances of the authorities; they

insist on the closing of the churches。  At Boulogne…sur…Mer; an

English vessel having shipped a quantity of poultry; game; and eggs;

〃the National Guards; of their own authority;〃 go on board and

remove the cargo。  On the strength of this; the accommodating

municipal body approves of the act; declares the cargo confiscated;

orders it to be sold; and awards one…half of the proceeds to the

National Guards and the other half to charitable purposes。  The

concession is a vain one; for the National Guards consider that one…

half is too little; 〃insult and threaten the municipal officers;〃

and immediately proceed to divide the booty in kind; each one going

home with a share of stolen hams and chickens。'41'  The magistrates

must necessarily keep quiet with the guns of those they govern

pointed at them。 … Sometimes; and it is generally the case; they are

timid; and do not try to resist。  At Douai;'42' the municipal

officers; on being summoned three times to proclaim martial law;

refuse; and end by avowing that they dare not unfold the red flag:

〃Were we to take this course we should all be sacrificed on the

spot。〃 Neither the troops nor the National Guards; in fact; are to

be relied on。  In this universal state of apathy the field is open

to savages; and a dealer in wheat is hung。 … Sometimes the

administrative corps tries to resist; but in the end it has to

succumb to violence。  〃For more than six hours;〃 writes one of the

members of the district of Etampes;'43' 〃we were closed in by

bayonets leveled at us and with pistols at our breasts ; and they

were obliged to sign a dismissal of the troops which had arrived to

protect the market。  At present 〃we are all away from Etampes; there

is no longer a district or a municipality;〃 almost all have handed

in their resignations; or are to return for that purpose。 …

Sometimes; and this is the rarest case;'44' the officials do their

duty to the end; and perish。  In this same town; six months later;

Simoneau; the mayor; having refused to cut down the price of wheat;

is beaten with iron…pointed sticks; and his corpse is riddled with

balls by the murderers。 … Municipal bodies must take heed how they

undertake to stem the torrent; the; slightest opposition will soon

be at the expense of their lives。  In Touraine;'45' 〃as the

publication of the tax…rolls takes place; riots break out against

the municipal authorities; they are forced to surrender the rolls

they have drawn up; and their papers are torn up。〃 And still more;

〃they kill; they assassinate the municipal authorities。〃 In that

large commune men and women 〃beat and kick them with their fists and

sabots。  。  。  。  The mayor is laid up after it; and the procureur

of the commune died between nine and ten o'clock in the morning。

Véteau; a municipal officer; received the last sacrament this

morning ;〃 the rest have fled; being constantly threatened with

death and incendiarism。  They do not; consequently; return; and 〃no

one now will take the office of either mayor or administrator。〃  …

The outrages which the municipalities thus commit against their

superiors are committed against themselves。  The National Guards;

the mob; the controlling faction; arrogating to themselves in the

commune the same violent sovereignty which the commune pretends to

exercise against the State。



I should never finish if I undertook to enumerate the outbreaks in

which the magistrates are constrained to tolerate or to sanction

popular usurpations; to shut up churches; to drive off or imprison

priests; to suppress octrois; tax grain; and allow clerks; bakers;

corn…dealers; ecclesiastics; nobles; and officers to be hung; beaten

to death; or to have their throats cut。  Ninety…four thick files of

records in the national archives are filled with these acts of

violence; and do not contain two…thirds of them。  It is worth while

to take in detail one case more; a special one; and one that is

authentic; which serves as a specimen; and which presents a

foreshortened image of France during one tranquil year。  At Aix; in

the month of December; 1790;'46' in Opposition to the two Jacobin

clubs; a club had been organized; had complied with all the

formalities; and; like the 〃 Club des Monarchiens〃 at Paris; claimed

the same right of meeting as the others。  But here; as at Paris; the

Jacobins recognize no rights but for themselves alone; and refuse to

admit their adversaries to the privileges of the law。  Moreover;

alarming rumors are circulated。  A person who has arrived from Nice

states that he had 〃heard that there were twenty thousand men

between Turin and Nice; under the pay of the emigrants; and that at

Nice a neuvaine'47' was held in Saint Fran?ois…de…Paule to pray God

to enlighten the French。〃 A counter…revolution is certainly under

way。  Some of the aristocrats have stated 〃with an air of triumph;

that the National Guard and municipalities are a mere toy; and that

this sort of thing will not last long。〃 One of the leading members

of the new club; M。  de Guiraitiand; an old officer of seventy…eight

years; makes speeches in public against the National Assembly; tries

to enlist artisans in his party; 〃affects to wear a white button on

his hat fastened by pins with their points jutting out;〃 and; as it

is stated; he has given to several mercers a large order for white

cockades。  In reality; on examination; not one is found in any shop;

and all the dealers in ribbons; on being interrogated; reply that

they know of no transaction of that description。  But this simply

proves that the culprit is a clever dissimulator; and the more

dangerous because he is eager to save the country。 … On the 12th of

December; at four o'clock in the afternoon; the two Jacobin clubs

fraternise; and pass in long procession before the place of meeting;

〃where some of the members; a few officers of the Lyons regiment and

other individuals; are quietly engaged at play or seeing others

play。〃 The crowd hoot; but they remain quiet。  The procession passes

by again; and they hoot and shout; 〃Down with the aristocrats to the

lamp post with them! 〃 Two or three of the officers standing on the

threshold of the door become irritated; and one of them; drawing his

sword; threatens to strike a young man if he keeps on。  Upon this

the crowd cries out; 〃Guard! Help! An assassin!〃 and rushes at the

officer; who withdraws into the house; exclaiming; 〃To arms!〃 His

comrades; sword in hand; descend in order to defend the door; M。  de

Guiramand fires two pistol shots and receives a stab in the thigh。

A shower of stones smashes in the windows; and the door is on the

point of being burst open when several of the members of the club

save themselves by taking to the roof。  About a dozen others; most

of them officers; form in line; penetrate the crowd with uplifted

swords; strike and get struck; and escape; five of them being

wounded。  The municipality orders the doors and windows of the club…

house to be walled up; sends the Lyons regiment away; decrees the

arrest of seven officers and of M。  de Guiramand; and all this in a

few hours; with no other testimony than that of the conquerors。



But these prompt; vigorous and partial measures are not sufficient

for the Jacobin club; other conspirators must be seized; and it is

the club which designates them and goes to take them。 … Three months

before this; M。  Pascalis; an advocate; on addressing along with

some of his professional brethren the dissolved parliament; deplored

the blindness of the people; 〃exalted by prerogatives of which they

knew not the danger。〃 A man who dared talk in this way is evidently

a traitor。 … There is another; M。  Morellet de la Roquette; who

refused to join the proscribed club。  His former vassals; however;

had been obliged to bring an action against him to make him accept

the redemption of his feudal dues; also; six years before this; his

carriage; passing along the public promenade; had run over a child;

he likewise is an enemy of the people。  While the municipal officers

are deliberating; 〃a few members of the club〃 get together and

decide that M。  Pascalis and M。  de la Ro

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